Yukawa球的结构和相变
Structure and Phase transitions of Yukawa balls
摘要：
在这篇评论中，结构特性和相变有限球形尘埃（复杂）等离子体晶体-所谓的汤川球-的概述。这些新颖的维格纳晶体可以直接用摄像机进行实验分析。实验清楚地揭示了壳结构，并允许确定壳人口，观察亚稳态和配置之间的转换以及相变。一个相当简单的理论模型很好地解释了静态性质的实验观察，该模型将尘埃粒子视为由抛物势约束并通过各向同性汤川对势相互作用。汤川球的激发特性，如正常模式和动态行为，包括晶体的形成时间依赖性，需要，此外，包括尘埃粒子和中性气体之间的摩擦效应。除了第一性原理分子动力学和蒙特卡罗模拟几个分析方法进行了审查，其中包括壳模型和连续理论。最近的结果和理论实验比较的总结和未来的研究活动的问题进行了概述。
英文摘要：
In this review, an overview of structural properties and phase transitions in finite spherical dusty (complex) plasma crystals -- so-called Yukawa balls -- is given. These novel kinds of Wigner crystals can be directly analyzed experimentally with video cameras. The experiments clearly reveal a shell structure and allow to determine the shell populations, to observe metastable states and transitions between configurations as well as phase transitions. The experimental observations of the static properties are well explained by a rather simple theoretical model which treats the dust particles as being confined by a parabolic potential and interacting via an isotropic Yukawa pair potential. The excitation properties of the Yukawa balls such as normal modes and the dynamic behavior, including the time-dependent formation of the crystal requires, in addition, to include the effect of friction between the dust particles and the neutral gas. Aside from first-principle molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations several analytical approaches are reviewed which include shell models and a continuum theory. A summary of recent results and theory-experiment comparisons is given and questions for future research activities are outlined.
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