Exact quantum master equation for a driven Brownian oscillator system is constructed via a Wigner phase-space Gaussian wave packet approach. The interplay between external field and dissipation leads to this system an effective field correction that enhances the polarization. This cooperative property is resulted from an effective bath response to the external field applied on the system. It is important in the low-frequency driving and intermediate bath memory region. We demonstrate this non-Markovian effect on the linear response and nonlinear dynamics and analyze the results together with analytical asymptotic expressions.
We study the Quantum Brownian motion of a charged particle moving in a harmonic potential in the presence of an uniform external magnetic field and linearly coupled to an Ohmic bath through momentum variables. We analyse the growth of the mean square displacement of the particle in the classical high temperature domain and in the quantum low temperature domain dominated by zero point fluctuations. We also analyse the Position Response Function and the long time tails of various correlation functions. We notice some distinctive features, different from the usual case of a charged quantum Browni…
We provide insights into energetics of a Brownian oscillator in contact with a heat bath and driven by an external unbiased time-periodic force that takes the system out of thermodynamic equilibrium. Solving the corresponding Langevin equation, we compute average kinetic and potential energies in the long-time stationary state. We also derive the energy balance equation and study the energy flow in the system. In particular, we identify the energy delivered by the external force, the energy dissipated by a thermal bath and the energy provided by thermal equilibrium fluctuations. Next, we illus…
We apply the concept of a frequency-dependent effective temperature based on the fluctuation-dissipation ratio to a driven Brownian particle in a nonequilibrium steady state. Using this system as a thermostat for a weakly coupled harmonic oscillator, the oscillator thermalizes according to a canonical distribution at the respective effective temperature across the entire frequency spectrum. By turning the oscillator from a passive "thermometer" into a heat engine, we realize the cyclic extraction of work from a single thermal reservoir, which is feasible only due to its nonequilibrium nature.
We study analytically the probability distribution of the heat released by an ensemble of harmonic oscillators to the thermal bath, in the nonequilibrium relaxation process following a temperature quench. We focus on the asymmetry properties of the heat distribution in the nonstationary dynamics, in order to study the forms taken by the Fluctuation Theorem as the number of degrees of freedom is varied. After analysing in great detail the cases of one and two oscillators, we consider the limit of a large number of oscillators, where the behavior of fluctuations is enriched by a condensation tra…
Recently, the quantum counterpart of energy equipartition theorem has drawn considerable attention. Motivated by this, we formulate and investigate an analogous statement for the free energy of a quantum oscillator linearly coupled to a passive heat bath consisting of an infinite number of independent harmonic oscillators. We explicitly demonstrate that the free energy of the Brownian oscillator can be expressed in the form $F(T) = \langle f(ω,T) \rangle $ where $f(ω,T)$ is the free energy of an individual bath oscillator. The overall averaging process involves two distinct averages: the first…
We investigate the Brownian motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field. We study this in the high temperature classical and low temperature quantum domains. In both domains, we observe a transition of the mean square displacement from a monotonic behaviour to a damped oscillatory behaviour as one increases the strength of the magnetic field. When the strength of the magnetic field is negligible, the mean square displacement grows linearly with time in the classical domain and logarithmically with time in the quantum domain. We notice that these features of the mean square displacement ar…
We propose a reduction scheme for a system constituted by two coupled harmonically-bound Brownian oscillators. We reduce the description by constructing a lower dimensional model which inherits some of the basic features of the original dynamics and is written in terms of suitable transport coefficients. The proposed procedure is twofold: while the deterministic component of the dynamics is obtained by a direct application of the invariant manifold method, the diffusion terms are determined via the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem. We highlight the behavior of the coefficients up to a critical …
The overdamped Brownian dynamics of a harmonic oscillator is a paradigmatic system in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, which reliably models relevant stochastic systems such as colloidal particles submitted to optical confinement. In this work, optimal thermal protocols are tailored to minimise the connection time between equilibrium states of overdamped $d$-dimensional oscillators. Application of control theory reveals that these optimal protocols are of bang-bang type, that is, the temperature of the bath has to take alternatively the minimum and maximum values allowed. Minimum connect…
A Brownian harmonic oscillator, which dissipates energy either by friction or via emission of electromagnetic radiation, is considered. This Brownian emitter is driven by the surrounding thermo-quantum fluctuations, which are theoretically described by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. It is shown how the AbrahamLorentz force leads to dependence of the half-width on the peak frequency of the oscillator amplitude spectral density. It is also found that for the case of a charged particle, moving in vacuum at zero temperature, its root-mean-square velocity fluctuation is a universal constant, …
Brownian dynamics is a popular fine-grained method for simulating systems of interacting particles, such as chemical reactions. Though the method is simple to simulate, it is generally assumed that the dynamics is impossible to solve exactly and analytically, aside from some trivial systems. We here give the first exact analytical solution to a non-trivial Brownian dynamics system: the reaction $A+B\xrightleftharpoons[]{}C$ in equilibrium in one-dimensional periodic space. The solution is a function of the particles' diffusion coefficients, radii, length of space and unbinding distance.
In this paper we study the nonequilibrium evolution of a quantum Brownian oscillator, modeling the internal degree of freedom of a harmonic atom or an Unruh-DeWitt detector, coupled to a nonequilibrium, nonstationary quantum field and inquire whether a fluctuation-dissipation relation can exist after/if it approaches equilibration. This is a nontrivial issue since a squeezed bath field cannot reach equilibration and yet, as this work shows, the system oscillator indeed can, which is a necessary condition for FDRs. We discuss three different settings: A) The bath field essentially remains in a …
We study the quantum counterpart of the theorem on energy equipartition for classical systems. We consider a free quantum Brownian particle modelled in terms of the Caldeira-Leggett framework: a system plus thermostat consisting of an infinite number of harmonic oscillators. By virtue of the theorem on the averaged kinetic energy $E_k$ of the quantum particle, it is expressed as $E_k = \langle \mathcal E_k \rangle$, where $\mathcal E_k$ is thermal kinetic energy of the thermostat per one degree of freedom and $\langle ...\rangle$ denotes averaging over frequencies $ω$ of thermostat oscillators…
We study quantum non-Markovian dynamics of the Caldeira-Leggett model, a prototypical model for quantum Brownian motion describing a harmonic oscillator linearly coupled to a reservoir of harmonic oscillators. Employing the exact analytical solution of this model one can determine the size of memory effects for arbitrary couplings, temperatures and frequency cutoffs. Here, quantum non-Markovianity is defined in terms of the flow of information between the open system and its environment, which is quantified through the Bures metric as distance measure for quantum states. This approach allows u…
It is well known that path probabilities of Brownian motion correspond to the equilibrium configurational probabilities of flexible Gaussian polymers, while those of active Brownian motion correspond to in-extensible semiflexible polymers. Here we investigate the properties of the equilibrium polymer that corresponds to the trajectories of particles acted on simultaneously by both Brownian as well as active noise. Through this mapping we can see interesting crossovers in mechanical properties of the polymer with changing contour length. The polymer end-to-end distribution exhibits Gaussian beh…
We outline a reduction scheme for a class of Brownian dynamics which leads to meaningful corrections to the Smoluchowski equation in the overdamped regime. The mobility coefficient of the reduced dynamics is obtained by exploiting the Dynamic Invariance principle, whereas the diffusion coefficient fulfils the Fluctuation-Dissipation theorem. Explicit calculations are carried out in the case of a harmonically bound particle. A quantitative pointwise representation of the reduction error is also provided and connections to both the Maximum Entropy method and the linear response theory are highli…
This paper reviews the formulation of the Feynman-Vernon model of linear dissipative systems for a standard Brownian particle moving in an external potential $V(x,t)$ and introduces the formulation of a generalized oscillator model of a Brownian particle coupled to a thermal environment moving with a given velocity $v_{env}$. Diffusion processes in a moving environment are of interest e.g. in the study of the motion of vortices in superfluids. The starting point of the paper is the formulation of the oscillator model that takes into account space and time invariance of a thermal environment [M…
This article discusses the numerical result predicted by the quantum Langevin equation of the generalized diffusion function of a Brownian particle immersed in an Ohmic quantum bath of harmonic oscillators. The time dependence of the standard deviation of the reduced Wiener function of the system, obtained by integrating the whole function in the momentum space, is determined as well. The complexity of the equations leads to resort to a much simpler calculation based in the position correlation function. They are done for the three possible regimes of the system, namely, periodic, aperiodic an…
Symmetries constrain dynamics. We test this fundamental physical principle, experimentally and by molecular dynamics simulations, for a hot Janus swimmer operating far from thermal equilibrium. Our results establish scalar and vectorial steady-state fluctuation theorems and a thermodynamic uncertainty relation that link the fluctuating particle current to its entropy production at an effective temperature. A Markovian minimal model elucidates the underlying non-equilbrium physics.
The motion of a free quantum particle in a thermal environment is usually described by the quantum Langevin equation, where the effect of the bath is encoded through a dissipative and a noise term, related to each other via the fluctuation dissipation theorem. The quantum Langevin equation can be derived starting from a microscopic model of the thermal bath as an infinite collection of harmonic oscillators prepared in an initial equilibrium state. The spectral properties of the bath oscillators and their coupling to the particle determine the specific form of the dissipation and noise. Here we…
Exact power spectra of Brownian motion with solid friction
研究了一个朗之万方程，该方程描述了一个受粘性阻力、外力和固体库仑摩擦力作用的物体的布朗运动。在以前的工作[H。Touchette，E. Van der Straeten，W. J. Phys. A：Math. Theor. 43，445002，2010]，我们已经基于相应的Fokker-Planck方程的谱分解给出了该方程的速度传播子的精确解。在这里，我们提出了一个替代的，精确的解决方案的基础上，拉普拉斯变换的这个方程，它具有的优点是被表示在封闭的形式。从这个解中，我们还获得了速度自相关函数的拉普拉斯变换和功率谱的封闭形式表达式，即，自相关函数的傅里叶变换。作为干摩擦力和外部强迫的函数的功率谱的行为示出了已知在固体摩擦的存在下发生的粘滞和滑移制度之间的明显交叉。
The narrow peak on the frequency dependance of the susceptibility of the harmonical oscillator in contact with thermostat with bosonic excitations. Exactly-solvable model
