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arXiv 0901.1262astro-ph.SR
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红超巨星中的尘埃凝聚序列

The dust condensation sequence in red super-giant stars

T. Verhoelst, N. Van der Zypen, S. Hony, L. Decin, J. Cami, K. Eriksson

摘要:

红超巨星(RSG)通过缓慢而密集的风表现出显着的质量损失。它们通常被认为是渐近巨星分支(AGB)恒星的质量更大的对应部分。虽然AGB的质量损失与它们的强脉动有关,但RSG通常只有弱变化。目的:通过测定RSG样品中粉尘成分,研究风底条件。尘埃的成分被认为对风底的密度、温度和加速度很敏感。方法:我们编译了一个样本的27 RSG红外光谱(ISO-SWS),并补充这些光度测量,以获得完整的光谱能量分布(SED)。这些数据是使用尘埃辐射转移代码建模。这些结果被仔细检查了相关性。结果如下:我们发现:(1)尘埃成分,质量损失率和恒星光度之间的强相关性,大致与理论尘埃凝聚序列一致,(2)需要连续的(近)红外尘埃不透明度和暂时提出的无定形碳,(3)与AGB星风的显着差异:多环芳烃的存在,缺乏13微米波段,缺乏强大的水带。结论:RSG中的尘埃凝结被发现经历了类似于AGB星的冻结过程。再加上恒星光度对质量损失率的积极影响,这表明尘埃颗粒上的辐射压力是驱动机制的重要组成部分。尽管如此,与AGB星的差异是多方面的,因此RSG的风值得单独研究。

英文摘要:

Context: Red super-giant (RSG) stars exhibit significant mass loss through a slow and dense wind. They are often considered to be the more massive counter parts of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars. While the AGB mass loss is linked to their strong pulsations, the RSG are often only weakly variable. Aim: To study the conditions at the base of the wind, by determining the dust composition in a sample of RSG. The dust composition is thought to be sensitive to the density, temperature and acceleration at the base of the wind. Method: We compile a sample of 27 RSG infrared spectra (ISO-SWS) and supplement these with photometric measurements to obtain the full spectral energy distribution (SED). These data are modelled using a dust radiative transfer code. The results are scrutinised for correlations. Results: We find (1) strong correlations between dust composition, mass-loss rate and stellar luminosity, roughly in agreement with the theoretical dust condensation sequence, (2) the need for a continuous (near-)IR dust opacity and tentatively propose amorphous carbon, and (3) significant differences with AGB star winds: presence of PAHs, absence of 'the' 13 micron band, and a lack of strong water bands. Conclusions: Dust condensation in RSG is found to experience a similar freeze-out process as in AGB stars. Together with the positive effect of the stellar luminosity on the mass-loss rate, this suggests that radiation pressure on dust grains is an important ingredient in the driving mechanism. Still, differences with AGB stars are manifold and thus the winds of RSG deserve separate studies.

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