关于17世纪早期双星观测对恒星宇宙概念的潜在影响
Regarding the Potential Impact of Double Star Observations on Conceptions of the Universe of Stars in the Early 17th Century
摘要：
伽利略相信恒星是遥远的太阳，通过他的望远镜测量的大小是距离的直接指示-较暗的恒星（在望远镜中看起来较小）比较亮的恒星更远。伽利略在他的《对话录》中指出，用望远镜观察一颗暗星（遥远的）和一颗亮星（较近的）的偶然排列，如果能发现这样的双星，就能揭示出年视差。这将为伽利略关于恒星性质和地球运动的观点提供支持。然而，伽利略实际上在《对话录》出版之前就对这种双星进行了观测。我们表明，这些观测的结果，以及任何双星的观测结果，这是一个可行的主题伽利略的望远镜，将削弱伽利略的想法，而不是支持他们。我们认为，这样的观测结果要么会导致更正确的结论，即恒星是大小不同的类似太阳的天体，可以在物理上进行分组，要么会导致不太正确的结论，即恒星不是类似太阳的天体，甚至导致地球不动的想法。最后，我们对比这些结论，通过应用伽利略的想法，观测可见恒星作为一个整体。
英文摘要：
Galileo Galilei believed that stars were distant suns whose sizes, measured via his telescope, were a direct indication of distance -- fainter stars (appearing smaller in the telescope) were farther away than brighter ones. Galileo argued in his Dialogue that telescopic observation of a chance alignment of a faint (distant) and bright (closer) star would reveal annual parallax, if such double stars could be found. This would provide support both for Galileo's ideas concerning the nature of stars and for the motion of the Earth. However, Galileo actually made observations of such double stars, well before publication of the Dialogue. We show that the results of these observations, and the likely results of observations of any double star that was a viable subject for Galileo's telescope, would undermine Galileo's ideas, not support them. We argue that such observations would lead either to the more correct conclusion that stars were sun-like bodies of varying sizes which could be physically grouped, or to the less correct conclusion that stars are not sun-like bodies, and even to the idea that the Earth did not move. Lastly, we contrast these conclusions to those reached through applying Galileo's ideas to observations of visible stars as a whole.
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