类星体和Seyfers的燃料供应之间的特征划分：五个简单的测试
A Characteristic Division Between the Fueling of Quasars and Seyferts: Five Simple Tests
摘要：
假设存在M_BH-σ关系，自我调节的黑洞（BH）增长模型需要燃料供应和宿主膨胀的增长来加深势能，否则系统要么饥饿要么自我调节而没有持续的活动。这表明明亮的类星体必须在大合并中被触发：星系的大部分必须在一个动态时间或更短的时间内转化为新的凸起质量。相比之下，低光度AGN几乎不需要凸起增长和少量气体供应，并且可以在更常见的非合并事件中被触发。这预示着在传统的类星体-塞弗特光度分界线附近（BH质量增长到10^7太阳质量以上/以下），会发生一个向合并引发的燃料供给的转变。我们收集观察结果来测试这样的划分的几个预测，包括：（1）过渡到膨胀主导的主机。(2)“pseudobulges”和“经典”的凸起之间的过渡托管剩余BH：pseudobulges形成的长期过程和未成年人合并，而经典的凸起的遗迹主要合并。(3)小规模集群的幅度增加，合并更有效。(4)不同的红移演化，富气合并速率上升到红移z>2，而长期过程在时间上相对恒定。(5)在更明亮的系统中，星暴后特征的日益突出。我们的观测汇编提供了初步的证据，预测司周围的塞弗特类星体的阈值。我们讨论了未来的观测如何改善这些约束，并打破不同的燃料模型之间的退化。
英文摘要：
Given the existence of the M_BH-sigma relation, models of self-regulated black hole (BH) growth require both a fuel supply and growth of the host bulge to deepen the potential, or else the system will either starve or self-regulate without sustained activity. This suggests that bright quasars must be triggered in major mergers: a large fraction of the galaxy must be converted to new bulge mass in a dynamical time or less. Low-luminosity AGN, in contrast, require little bulge growth and small gas supplies, and could be triggered in more common non-merger events. This predicts a transition to merger-induced fueling around the traditional quasar-Seyfert luminosity divide (growth of BH masses above/below 10^7 M_sun). We compile observations to test several predictions of such a division, including: (1) A transition to bulge-dominated hosts. (2) A transition between 'pseudobulges' and 'classical' bulges hosting the remnant BHs: pseudobulges are formed in secular processes and minor mergers, whereas classical bulges are relics of major mergers. (3) An increase in the amplitude of small-scale clustering where mergers are more efficient. (4) Different redshift evolution, with gas-rich merger rates rising to redshifts z>2 while secular processes are relatively constant in time. (5) An increasing prominence of post-starburst features in more luminous systems. Our compilation of observations provides tentative evidence for the predicted division around the Seyfert-quasar threshold. We discuss how future observations can improve these constraints and break degeneracies between different fueling models.
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