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arXiv 0812.2496astro-ph
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辐射转移的解析解:盘不稳定性对巨行星形成的影响

Analytical Solutions for Radiative Transfer: Implications for Giant Planet Formation by Disk Instability

Alan P. Boss

摘要:

巨行星形成的盘不稳定机制是基于在边缘引力不稳定的原行星盘中形成团块,如果它们要生存并收缩成为巨原行星,它们必须通过对流和辐射冷却的组合失去热能。虽然有很好的观测支持至少有一些巨行星是由盘的不稳定性形成的,但这个机制在理论上是有争议的,不同的三维辐射流体动力学代码往往会产生不同的结果。需要进行严格的代码测试才能取得进一步进展。在这里,我们提出了两个新的球坐标下的辐射转移的解析解,适合于测试所有的凸盘不稳定性计算中使用的代码。测试表明,老板代码辐射转移例程做了很好的放松,并保持分析结果的径向温度和辐射通量廓线的球形云与高或中等的光学深度,包括过渡从光学厚光学薄的地区。这些径向测试结果是独立的是否爱丁顿近似,扩散近似,或通量限制扩散近似例程。对于高度与径向距离成比例的圆盘,Boss代码在放松和保持垂直(θ)温度和辐射通量分布的分析结果方面也做得同样出色。这些测试有力地支持了形成巨行星的盘不稳定机制。

英文摘要:

The disk instability mechanism for giant planet formation is based on the formation of clumps in a marginally-gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disk, which must lose thermal energy through a combination of convection and radiative cooling if they are to survive and contract to become giant protoplanets. While there is good observational support for forming at least some giant planets by disk instability, the mechanism has become theoretically contentious, with different three dimensional radiative hydrodynamics codes often yielding different results. Rigorous code testing is required to make further progress. Here we present two new analytical solutions for radiative transfer in spherical coordinates, suitable for testing the code employed in all of the Boss disk instability calculations. The testing shows that the Boss code radiative transfer routines do an excellent job of relaxing to and maintaining the analytical results for the radial temperature and radiative flux profiles for a spherical cloud with high or moderate optical depths, including the transition from optically thick to optically thin regions. These radial test results are independent of whether the Eddington approximation, diffusion approximation, or flux-limited diffusion approximation routines are employed. The Boss code does an equally excellent job of relaxing to and maintaining the analytical results for the vertical (theta) temperature and radiative flux profiles for a disk with a height proportional to the radial distance. These tests strongly support the disk instability mechanism for forming giant planets.

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