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arXiv 0811.3377astro-ph
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天鹅座X-3低层活动的不透明效应和喷流激波模拟

Opacity effects and shock-in-jet modelling of low-level activity in Cygnus X-3

James C. A. Miller-Jones, Michael P. Rupen, Marc Türler, Elina J. Lindfors, Katherine M. Blundell, Guy G. Pooley

摘要:

我们提出了同时双频无线电观测天鹅座X-3在一个阶段的低水平活动。我们将最小变化时间尺度限制为在43 GHz时为20分钟,在15 GHz时为30分钟,这意味着源大小为2至4 AU。我们在43 GHz的百分之几的水平上检测到偏振发射,其随总强度而变化。在两个频率的耀斑的峰值之间的延迟约10分钟被认为是随着时间的推移而减少,我们发现,同步辐射自吸收和自由-自由吸收夹带的热材料发挥更大的作用,在确定的不透明度比吸收在恒星风的同伴。喷流中的激波模型给出了一个很好的拟合在所有频率的光变曲线,表明这种机制,这是以前被用来解释更明亮,寿命更长的巨型爆发在这个来源,也适用于这些低级别的耀斑事件。收集通量密度超过两个数量级的爆发数据显示,事件的峰值亮度与达到峰值的时间尺度和频率之间存在强相关性。较亮的耀斑在较长的时间尺度上演化,并在较低的频率上达到峰值。拟合模型参数的分析表明,更明亮的爆发是由于冲击形成进一步下游的射流,增加电子归一化和磁场强度都发挥了作用,在设置强度的爆发。

英文摘要:

We present simultaneous dual-frequency radio observations of Cygnus X-3 during a phase of low-level activity. We constrain the minimum variability timescale to be 20 minutes at 43 GHz and 30 minutes at 15 GHz, implying source sizes of 2 to 4 AU. We detect polarized emission at a level of a few per cent at 43 GHz which varies with the total intensity. The delay of approximately 10 minutes between the peaks of the flares at the two frequencies is seen to decrease with time, and we find that synchrotron self-absorption and free-free absorption by entrained thermal material play a larger role in determining the opacity than absorption in the stellar wind of the companion. A shock-in-jet model gives a good fit to the lightcurves at all frequencies, demonstrating that this mechanism, which has previously been used to explain the brighter, longer-lived giant outbursts in this source, is also applicable to these low-level flaring events. Assembling the data from outbursts spanning over two orders of magnitude in flux density shows evidence for a strong correlation between the peak brightness of an event, and the timescale and frequency at which this is attained. Brighter flares evolve on longer timescales and peak at lower frequencies. Analysis of the fitted model parameters suggests that brighter outbursts are due to shocks forming further downstream in the jet, with an increased electron normalisation and magnetic field strength both playing a role in setting the strength of the outburst.

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