潮汐扰动太阳型恒星的三维模拟和激波爆发的观测特征
Three-Dimensional Simulations of Tidally Disrupted Solar-Type Stars and the Observational Signatures of Shock Breakout
摘要：
我们描述了一个三维模拟的$1 M_{\odot}$太阳型恒星接近$10^{6} M_{\odot}$黑洞的抛物线轨道与近心距离内的潮汐半径。当恒星落向黑洞时，不仅沿着轨道方向被拉伸，而且在与轨道成直角的方向上被更严重地压缩。在近心点之后不久，压缩达到了令人窒息的程度，导致强烈的冲击波产生，这在很大程度上使恒星的温度分布均匀化，导致表面温度与恒星核心的初始温度相当。这一现象发生在后退吸积阶段之前，它产生了一个独特的双峰X射线特征，如果被探测到，可能是少数几个可观察到的诊断恒星在强引力场影响下的行为之一。如果$\sim 10^{6} M_{\odot}$黑洞普遍存在于小星系甚至矮星系中，那么EXIST可能在距离室女星系团不远的地方就能探测到最近的这种耀斑。
英文摘要：
We describe a three-dimensional simulation of a $1 M_{\odot}$ solar-type star approaching a $10^{6} M_{\odot}$ black hole on a parabolic orbit with a pericenter distance well within the tidal radius. While falling towards the black hole, the star is not only stretched along the orbital direction but even more severely compressed at right angles to the orbit. The overbearing degree of compression achieved shortly after pericenter leads to the production of strong shocks which largely homogenize the temperature profile of the star, resulting in surface temperatures comparable to the initial temperature of the star's core. This phenomenon, which precedes the fallback accretion phase, gives rise to a unique double-peaked X-ray signature that, if detected, may be one of the few observable diagnostics of how stars behave under the influence of strong gravitational fields. If $\sim 10^{6} M_{\odot}$ black holes were prevalent in small or even dwarf galaxies, the nearest of such flares may be detectable by EXIST from no further away than the Virgo Cluster.
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