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arXiv 0810.5404astro-ph
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哈勃超深场团簇、链和螺旋星系团的膨胀和团簇演化

Bulge and Clump Evolution in Hubble Ultra Deep Field Clump Clusters, Chains and Spiral Galaxies

Bruce G. Elmegreen, Debra Meloy Elmegreen, Maria Ximena Fernandez, Jenna Jo Lemonias

摘要:

在哈勃超深空中的团簇和链星系被检查在NICMOS图像中的凸起。大约50%的丛簇和30%的链具有相对红色和巨大的丛,可能是年轻的凸起。确定了这些膨胀状物体和螺旋星系中的膨胀,以及这三种星系类型中所有突出的恒星形成团块的星等和颜色。这些颜色适合于人口演化模型,以确定隆起和团块的质量,年龄,恒星形成率衰减时间和反射率。结果表明,团簇星系和链星系中的球状天体的年龄与恒星形成团簇相似,质量是恒星形成团簇的2 ~ 5倍,而螺旋星系中的球状天体的年龄是恒星形成团簇的6倍,质量是恒星形成团簇的20 ~ 30倍。所有系统似乎都有一个潜在的红盘人口。恒星形成团块的质量通常在10^7 ~ 10^8兆太阳之间,它们的年龄在10^2百万年左右。年龄和折射率都随红移而减小。恒星的形成可能是盘状气体中引力不稳定性的结果,在这种情况下,UDF中的大质量团是高气体速度弥散(30 km/s或更高)与高气体质量柱密度(~100 Msun/pc ^[2])相结合的结果。由于在z~1以外的盘星系中,团簇和链占主导地位,观测结果表明,这些类型代表了现代螺旋星系形成的早期阶段,即凸起和内盘形成的时候。

英文摘要:

Clump clusters and chain galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field are examined for bulges in the NICMOS images. Approximately 50% of the clump clusters and 30% of the chains have relatively red and massive clumps that could be young bulges. Magnitudes and colors are determined for these bulge-like objects and for the bulges in spiral galaxies, and for all of the prominent star-formation clumps in these three galaxy types. The colors are fitted to population evolution models to determine the bulge and clump masses, ages, star-formation rate decay times, and extinctions. The results indicate that bulge-like objects in clump cluster and chain galaxies have similar ages and 2 to 5 times larger masses compared to the star-formation clumps, while the bulges in spirals have ~6 times larger ages and 20 to 30 times larger masses than the clumps. All systems appear to have an underlying red disk population. The masses of star-forming clumps are typically in a range from 10^7 to 10^8 Msun; their ages have a wide range around ~10^2 Myr. Ages and extinctions both decrease with redshift. Star formation is probably the result of gravitational instabilities in the disk gas, in which case the large clump mass in the UDF is the result of a high gas velocity dispersion, 30 km/s or more, combined with a high gas mass column density, ~100 Msun/pc^2. Because clump clusters and chains dominate disk galaxies beyond z~1, the observations suggest that these types represent an early phase in the formation of modern spiral galaxies, when the bulge and inner disk formed.

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