An analytic theory of electron transport in disordered graphene in a ballistic geometry is developed. We consider a sample of a large width W and analyze the evolution of the conductance, the shot noise, and the full statistics of the charge transfer with increasing length L, both at the Dirac point and at a finite gate voltage. The transfer matrix approach combined with the disorder perturbation theory and the renormalization group is used. We also discuss the crossover to the diffusive regime and construct a ``phase diagram'' of various transport regimes in graphene.
This manuscript deals with time flow in ballistic graphene devices. It is commonly believed that in the ballistic regime the traversal time of carriers in gated graphene at normal incidence is just the ratio of the length of the device and the Fermi velocity. However, we show that the traversal time is much slower if the influence of metallic contacts on graphene is considered. Even the transmission at normal incidence becomes smaller than 1, contradicting yet another common belief. These unexpected effects are due to the transformation of Schrodinger electrons in the metallic contact into Dir…
In this letter we report the observation of ballistic transport on micron length scales in graphene synthesised by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Transport measurements were done on Hall bar geometries in a liquid He cryostat. Using non-local measurements we show that electrons can be ballistically directed by a magnetic field (transverse magnetic focussing) over length scales of ~μm. Comparison with atomic force microscope measurements suggests a correlation between the absence of wrinkles and the presence of ballistic transport in CVD graphene.
In this work, a modified, lumped element graphene field effect device model is presented. The model is based on the "Top-of-the-barrier" approach which is usually valid only for ballistic graphene nanotransistors. Proper modifications are introduced to extend the model's validity so that it accurately describes both ballistic and diffusive graphene devices. The model is compared to data already presented in the literature. It is shown that a good agreement is obtained for both nano-sized and large area graphene based channels. Accurate prediction of drain current and transconductance for both …
Negative differential resistance (NDR) with room temperature peak-valley-ratio of 8 has been observed in a ballistic field-effect-transistor (FET) based on graphene, having an oblique top gate. Graphene FETs with a top gate inclination angle of 45 degrees and a drain-source distance of 400 nm were fabricated on a chip cut from a 4 inch graphene wafer grown by CVD. From the 60 measured devices, NDR was observed only in the regions where the CVD graphene displays the Raman signature of defectless monolayers. In other specific positions on the wafer, where graphene quality was not high enough and…
We have fabricated and measured ballistic graphene transistors with two oblique gates that can be independently biased. The gate lengths are about 38 nm and are separated by a distance of 30 nm, the tilting angle being of 45o with respect to source and drain electrodes distanced at 190 nm. Electric measurements reveal specific properties of ballistic carrier transport, i.e. nonlinear drain voltage-drain current dependence, showing a saturation region, and negative differential resistance at certain bias voltages, which cannot be explained without physical mechanisms related to ballistic transp…
We have realized a Dirac fermion reflector in graphene by controlling the ballistic carrier trajectory in a sawtooth-shaped npn junction. When the carrier density in the inner p-region is much larger than that in the outer n-regions, the first straight np interface works as a collimator and the collimated ballistic carriers can be totally reflected at the second zigzag pn interface. We observed clear resistance enhancement around the np+n regime, which is in good agreement with the numerical simulation. The tunable reflectance of ballistic carriers could be an elementary and important step for…
We report on ballistic transport over more than 28 μm in graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) that is fully encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride. The structures are fabricated by an advanced dry van-der-Waals transfer method and exhibit carrier mobilities of up to three million cm$^2$/(Vs). The ballistic nature of charge transport is probed by measuring the bend resistance in cross- and square-shaped devices. Temperature dependent measurements furthermore prove that ballistic transport is maintained exceeding 1 μm up to 200 K.
The full counting statistics of the charge transport through an undoped graphene sheet in the presence of smooth disorder is studied. At the Dirac point both in clean and diffusive limits, transport properties of a graphene sample are described by the universal Dorokhov distribution of transmission probabilities. In the crossover regime, deviations from universality occur which can be studied analytically both on ballistic and diffusive sides. In the ballistic regime, we use a diagrammatic technique with matrix Green functions. For a diffusive system, the sigma model is applied. Our results ar…
Graphene is a fascinating material for exploring fundamental science questions as well as a potential building block for novel electronic applications. In order to realize the full potential of this material the fabrication techniques of graphene devices, still in their infancy, need to be refined to better isolate the graphene layer from the environment. We present results from a study on the influence of extrinsic factors on the quality of graphene devices including material defects, lithography, doping by metallic leads and the substrate. The main finding is that trapped Coulomb scatterers …
We study the effect of uniaxial strain on the transmission and the conductivity across a strain-induced barrier in graphene. At variance with conventional studies, which consider sharp barriers, we consider a more realistic, smooth barrier, characterized by a nonuniform, continuous strain profile. Our results are instrumental towards a better understanding of the transport properties in corrugated graphene.
Herein we discuss the fabrication of ballistic suspended graphene nanostructures supplemented with local gating. Using in-situ current annealing, we show that exceptional high mobilities can be obtained in these devices. A detailed description is given of the fabrication of bottom and different top-gate structures, which enable the realization of complex graphene structures. We have studied the basic building block, the p-n junction in detail, where a striking oscillating pattern was observed, which can be traced back to Fabry-Perot oscillations that are localized in the electronic cavities fo…
We have developed a process to fabricate suspended graphene devices with local bottom gates, and tested it by realizing electrostatically controlled pn junctions on a suspended graphene mono-layer nearly 2 micrometers long. Measurements as a function of gate voltage, magnetic field, bias, and temperature exhibit characteristic Fabry-Perot oscillations in the cavities formed by the pn junction and each of the contacts, with transport occurring in the ballistic regime. Our results demonstrate the possibility to achieve a high degree of control on the local electronic properties of ultra-clean su…
The process of coherent creation of particle - hole excitations by an electric field in graphene is quantitatively described beyond linear response. We calculate the evolution of current density, number of pairs and energy in ballistic regime for electric field E using the tight binding model. While for small ballistic flight times the current is linear in E and independent of time, for larger ballistic times the current increases and finally at yet larger times Bloch oscillations set in. It is shown that the number of pairs follows the 2D generalization of the Schwinger's creation rate only o…
Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) can exhibit a topological phase via mutual crystallographic alignment. Recent measurements of nonlocal resistance ($R_{nl}$) near the secondary Dirac point (SDP) in ballistic graphene/hBN superlattices have been interpreted as arising due to the quantum valley Hall state. We report hBN/graphene/hBN superlattices in which $R_{nl}$ at SDP is negligible, but below 60 K approaches the value of $h/2e^{2}$ in zero magnetic field at the primary Dirac point with a characteristic decay length of 2 $μ$m. Furthermore, nonlocal transport transmission probabilities…
The current and the shot noise in a graphene sheet were analyzed in the ballistic regime for arbitrary voltage drops between leads and the sheet in the limit of infinite aspect ratio of the sheet width to its length, when quantization of transversal wave vectors is not essential. The cases of coherent and incoherent ballistic transport were compared. At high voltages the difference with coherent transport is not essential. But at low voltages conductance and Fano-factor dependences for incoherent transport become non-monotonous so that the conductance has a minimum and the Fano factor has a ma…
In graphene, the extremely fast charge carriers can be controlled by electron-optical elements, such as waveguides, in which the transmissivity is tuned by the wavelength. In this work, charge carriers are guided in a suspended ballistic few-mode graphene channel, defined by electrostatic gating. By depleting the channel, a reduction of mode number and steps in the conductance are observed, until the channel is completely emptied. The measurements are supported by tight-binding transport calculations including the full electrostatics of the sample.
We investigated ultrafast carrier dynamics in graphene with near-infrared transient absorption measurement after intense half-cycle terahertz pulse excitation. The terahertz electric field efficiently drives the carriers, inducing large transparency in the near-infrared region. Theoretical calculations using the Boltzmann transport equation quantitatively reproduce the experimental findings. This good agreement suggests that the intense terahertz field should promote remarkable impact ioniza- tion process, which leads to suppression of optical phonon emission and results in efficient carrier t…
We investigate the ballistic electron transport in a monolayer graphene with configurational averaged impurities, located between two clean graphene leads. It is shown that the electron transmission are strongly dependent on the concentration of impurities and the incident energy. In turn, the conductance computed using the Landauer formalism shows a similar behavior to those found in experimental works as a function of the applied voltage for different concentrations of impurities in the limit of low temperatures. In the limit of zero bias voltage, the conductance shows a minimum value which …
We analyze the operation of the graphene n+-i-n-n+ field-effect transistors (GFETs) and lateral diodes (GLDs) with the injection of ballistic electrons into the n-region. The momentum transfer of the injected ballistic electrons could lead to an effective Coulomb drag of the quasi-equilibrium electrons in the n-region and the plasma instability in the GFETs and GLDs. The instability enables the generation of terahertz radiation. The obtained results can be used for the optimization of the structures under consideration for different devices, in particular, terahertz emitters.
We report anomalous quantum transport features in bilayer graphene in presence of a random distribution of structural vacancies. By using an efficient real-space Kubo-Greenwood transport methodology, the impact of a varying density of dimer versus non-dimer vacancies is investigated in very large scale disordered models. While non-dimer vacancies are shown to induce localization regimes, dimer vacancies result in an unexpected ballistic regime whose energy window surprisingly enlarges with increasing impurity density. Such counterintuitive phenomenon is explained by the formation of an effecti…
We fabricated graphene pnp devices, by embedding pre-defined local gates in an oxidized surface layer of a silicon substrate. With neither dielectric-material deposition nor electron-beam irradiation on the graphene, we obtained high-quality graphene pnp devices without degradation of the carrier mobility even in the local-gate region. The corresponding increased mean free path leads to the observation of ballistic and phase-coherent transport across a 130-nm-wide local gate, which is about an order of magnitude wider than reported previously. Furthermore, in our scheme, we demonstrated indepe…
Graphene is a 2-dimensional (2D) carbon allotrope with the atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. The low-energy electronic excitations in this 2D crystal are described by massless Dirac fermions that have a linear dispersion relation similar to photons. Taking advantage of this optics-like electron dynamics, generic optical elements like lenses, beam splitters and wave guides have been proposed for electrons in engineered ballistic graphene. Tuning of these elements relies on the ability to adjust the carrier concentration in defined areas, including the possibility to create bipolar regions …
The interplay of graphene and superconductivity has attracted great interest for understanding the two-dimensional Dirac Fermion physics and for superconducting device applications. In previous work, graphene-superconductor junctions fabricated on standard SiO2 substrates were highly disordered. Due to charge carrier scattering and potential fluctuations, the expected intrinsic properties of graphene combined with superconductors remained elusive to experimental observations. We propose suspended graphene-superconductor junctions as an effective solution to the problem. Here, we show the fabri…
We report on short ballistic (SB) Josephson coupling in junctions embedded in a planar heterostructure of graphene. Ballistic Josephson coupling is confirmed by the Fabry-Perot-type interference of the junction critical current $I_c$. An exceptionally large $I_cR_N$ product close to $2Δ_0/e$ ($R_N$; normal-state junction resistance, $Δ_0$ ; zero-temperature superconducting energy gap) is an indication of SB strong Josephson coupling. $I_c$ shows a temperature dependence inconsistent with the conventional short-junction-like behavior; $I_c(T)$ curves deviate systematically from the standard Kul…
Graphene samples can have a very high carrier mobility if influences from the substrate and the environment are minimized. Embedding a graphene sheet into a heterostructure with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on both sides was shown to be a particularly efficient way of achieving a high bulk mobility. Nanopatterning graphene can add extra damage and drastically reduce sample mobility by edge disorder. Preparing etched graphene nanostructures on top of an hBN substrate instead of SiO2 is no remedy, as transport characteristics are still dominated by edge roughness. Here we show that etching full…
We show that an electrostatically created n-p junction separating the electron and hole gas regions in a graphene monolayer transmits only those quasiparticles that approach it almost perpendicularly to the n-p interface. Such a selective transmission of carriers by a single n-p junction would manifest itself in non-local magnetoresistance effect in arrays of such junctions and determines the unusual Fano factor in the current noise universal for the n-p junctions in graphene.
We consider theoretically a wide graphene ribbon, that on both ends is attached to electronic reservoirs which generally have different temperatures. The graphene ribbon is assumed to be deposited on a substrate, that leads to a spin-orbit coupling of Rashba type. We calculate the thermally induced charge current in the ballistic transport regime as well as the thermoelectric voltage (Seebeck effect). Apart from this, we also consider thermally induced spin current and spin polarization of the graphene ribbon. The spin currents are shown to have generally two components; one parallel to the te…
The stationary Josephson effect in a system of ballistic graphene is studied in the framework of quasiclassical Green's function theory. Reflecting the ultimate two-dimensionality of graphene, a Josephson junction involving a graphene sheet embodies what we call a planar Josephson junction, in which superconducting electrodes partially cover the two-dimensional graphene layer, achieving a planar contact with it. For capturing this feature we employ a model of tunneling Hamiltonian that also takes account of the effects of inhomogeneous carrier density. Within the effective mass approximation w…
We report a theoretical study of time-dependent transport in a ballistic graphene field effect transistor. We develop a model based on Floquet theory describing Dirac electron transmission through a harmonically driven potential barrier. Photon-assisted tunneling results in excitation of quasibound states at the barrier. Under resonance condition, the excitation of the quasibound states leads to promotion of higher-order sidebands and enhanced higher harmonics of the source-drain conductance. The resonances in the main transmission channel are of the Fano form, while they are of the Breit-Wign…
We report magnetotransport measurements in ballistic graphene/hexagonal boron nitride mesoscopic wires where the charge carrier mean free path is comparable to wire width $W$. Magnetoresistance curves show characteristic peak structures where the peak field scales with the ratio of cyclotron radius $R_\textrm{c}$ and wire width $W$ as $W/R_\textrm{c} = 0.9 \pm 0.1$, due to diffusive boundary scattering. The obtained proportionality constant between $R_\textrm{c}$ and $W$ differs from that of a classical semiconductor 2D electron system where $W/R_\textrm{c} = 0.55$.
We present a beam splitter in a suspended, ballistic, multiterminal, bilayer graphene device. By using local bottomgates, a p-n interface tilted with respect to the current direction can be formed. We show that the p-n interface acts as a semi-transparent mirror in the bipolar regime and that the reflectance and transmittance of the p-n interface can be tuned by the gate voltages. Moreover, by studying the conductance features appearing in magnetic field, we demonstrate that the position of the p-n interface can be moved by $1\,μ$m. The herein presented beamsplitter device can form the basis o…
This paper reviews the experimental and theoretical state of the art in ballistic hot electron transistors that utilize two-dimensional base contacts made from graphene, i.e. graphene base transistors (GBTs). Early performance predictions that indicated potential for THz operation still hold true today, even with improved models that take non-idealities into account. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the basic functionality, with on/off current switching over several orders of magnitude, but further developments are required to exploit the full potential of the GBT device family. In par…
We observe conductivity oscillations with aperiodic spacing to only one side of the tunneling current in a dual-gated graphene field effect transistor with an n-p-n type potential barrier. The spacing and width of these oscillatoins were found to be inconsistent with pure Farbry-Perot-type interferences, but are in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions that attribute them to resonant tunneling through quasi-bound impurity states. This observation may be understood as another signature of Klein tunneling in graphene heterojunctions and is of importance for future development and m…
We study the effects of the long-range disorder potential and warping on the conductivity and mobility of graphene ribbons using the Landauer formalism and the tight-binding p-orbital Hamiltonian. We demonstrate that as the length of the structure increases the system undergoes a transition from the ballistic to the diffusive regime. This is reflected in the calculated electron density dependencies of the conductivity and the mobility. In particular, we show that the mobility of graphene ribbons varies as mu(n) n^(-lambda), with 0<lambda<0.5. The exponent lambda depends on the length of the sy…
Monolayer graphene and bilayer graphene have strikingly different properties. One such difference is the shape of the Fermi surface. Although anisotropic band structures can be detected in optical measurements, they have so far been difficult to detect in transport experiments on twodimensional materials. Here we describe a ballistic transport experiment using high-quality graphene that revealed Fermi surface anisotropy in the magnetoresistance. The shape of the Fermi surface is closely related with the cyclotron orbit in real space. Electron trajectories in samples with triangular lattices of…
We study the transport through evanescent waves in graphene quantum dots of different geometries. The transmission is suppressed when the leads are attached to edges of the same majority sublattice. Otherwise, the transmission depends exponentially on the distance between leads in rectangular dots, and as a power law in circular dots. The transmission through junctions where the transmitted and reflected currents belong to the opposite valley as the incoming one depends on details of the lattice structure at distances comparable to the atomic spacing.
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are natural waveguides for electrons in graphene. Nevertheless, unlike micron-sized samples, conductance is nearly suppressed in these narrow graphene stripes, mainly due to scattering with edge disorder generated during synthesis or cut. A possible way to circumvent this effect is to define an internal waveguide that isolates specific modes from the edge disorder and allows ballistic conductance. There are several proposals for defining waveguides in graphene; in this manuscript, we consider strain folds and scalar potentials and numerically evaluate these proposal…
We derive the local density of states from itinerant and boundary states around transport barriers and edges in graphene and show that the itinerant states lead to mesoscale undulations that could be used to probe their scattering properties in equilibrium without the need for lateral transport measurements. This finding will facilitate vetting of extended structural defects such as grain boundaries or line defects as transport barriers for switchable graphene resonant tunneling transistors. We also show that barriers could exhibit double minima and that the charge density away from highly ref…
In graphene superlattices, bulk topological currents can lead to long-range charge-neutral flow and non-local resistance near Dirac points. A ballistic version of these phenomena has never been explored. Here, we report transport properties of ballistic graphene superlattices. This allows us to study and exploit giant non-local resistances with a large valley Hall angle without a magnetic field. In the low-temperature regime, a crossover occurs toward a new state of matter, referred to as a quantum valley Hall state (qVHS), which is an analog of the quantum Hall state without a magnetic field.…
We investigate supercurrent interference patterns measured as a function of magnetic field in ballistic graphene Josephson junctions. At high doping, the expected $Φ_{0}$-periodic "Fraunhofer" pattern is observed, indicating a uniform current distribution. Close to the Dirac point, we find anomalous interference patterns with an apparent 2$Φ_{0}$ periodicity, similar to that predicted for topological Andreev bound states carrying a charge of $e$ instead of $2e$. This feature persists with increasing temperature, ruling out a non-sinusoidal current-phase relationship. It also persists in juncti…
We study the ballistic conductivity of graphene bilayer in the presence of next-nearest neighbor hoppings between the layers. An undoped and unbiased system was found in Ref. [1] to show a nonuniversal (length-dependent) conductivity $σ(L)$, approaching the value of $σ_\star=3/π\simeq{}0.95$ for large $L$. Here we demonstrate one-parameter scaling and determine the scaling function $β(σ)=d\ln{}\!σ/d\ln{}\!L$. The scaling flow has an attractive fixed point [$\,β(σ_\star)=0$, $β'(σ_\star)<0\,$] reproducing the scenario predicted for random impurity scattering of Dirac fermions with Coulomb repul…
Ballistic electrons in solids can have mean free paths far larger than the smallest features patterned by lithography. This has allowed development and study of solid-state electron-optical devices such as beam splitters and quantum point contacts, which have informed our understanding of electron flow and interactions. Recently, high-mobility graphene has emerged as an ideal two-dimensional semimetal that hosts unique chiral electron-optical effects due to its honeycomb crystalline lattice. However, this chiral transport prevents simple use of electrostatic gates to define electron-optical de…
The conductance and the Fano factor in a graphene sheet in the ballistic regime are calculated. The electrostatic potential in the sheet is modeled by a trapezoid barrier, which allows to use the exact solution of the Dirac equation in a uniform electric field in the slope areas (the two lateral sides of the trapezoid). A special attention is devoted to asymmetry with respect to the sign of the gate voltage, which is connected with the difference between the Klein tunneling and the over-barrier reflection. The comparison of the developed theory with the experiment supports the conclusion that …
We investigate the critical current, $I_C$, of ballistic Josephson junctions made of encapsulated graphene/boron-nitride heterostructures. We observe a crossover from the short to the long junction regimes as the length of the device increases. In long ballistic junctions, $I_S$ is found to scale as $\propto \exp(-k_bT/δE)$. The extracted energies $δE$ are independent of the carrier density and proportional to the level spacing of the ballistic cavity, as determined from Fabry-Perot oscillations of the junction normal resistance. As $T\rightarrow 0$ the critical current of a long (or short) ju…
We have investigated shot noise in graphene field effect devices in the temperature range of 4.2--30 K at low frequency ($f$ = 600--850 MHz). We find that for our graphene samples with large width over length ratio $W/L$, the Fano factor $\mathfrak{F}$ reaches a maximum $\mathfrak{F} \sim$ 1/3 at the Dirac point and that it decreases strongly with increasing charge density. For smaller $W/L$, the Fano factor at Dirac point is significantly lower. Our results are in good agreement with the theory describing that transport at the Dirac point in clean graphene arises from evanescent electronic st…
The current-phase relation (CPR) of a Josephson junction (JJ) determines how the supercurrent evolves with the superconducting phase difference across the junction. Knowledge of the CPR is essential in order to understand the response of a JJ to various external parameters. Despite the rising interest in ultra-clean encapsulated graphene JJs, the CPR of such junctions remains unknown. Here, we use a fully gate-tunable graphene superconducting quantum intereference device (SQUID) to determine the CPR of ballistic graphene JJs. Each of the two JJs in the SQUID is made with graphene encapsulated …
We theoretically investigate the experimental observable of the ballistic collective group delay (CGD) of all the particles on the Fermi surface in graphene. First, we reveal that, lateral Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts along barrier interfaces contribute an inherent component in the individual group delay (IGD). Then, by linking the complete IGD to spin precession through a dwell time, we suggest that, the CGD and its GH component can be electrostatically measured by a conductance difference in a spin-precession experiment under weak magnetic fields. Such an approach is feasible for almost arbitrar…
Today the availability of high mobility graphene up to room temperature makes ballistic transport in nanodevices achievable. In particular, p-n-p transistor in the ballistic regime gives access to the Klein tunneling physics and allows the realization of devices exploiting the optics-like behavior of Dirac Fermions (DF) as in the Vesalego lens or the Fabry Pérot cavity. Here we propose a Klein tunneling transistor based on geometrical optics of DF. We consider the case of a prismatic active region delimited by a triangular gate, where total internal reflection may occur, which leads to the tun…
We have realized nanometer size constrictions in ballistic graphene nanoribbons grown on sidewalls of SiC mesa structures. The high quality of our devices allows the observation of a number of electronic quantum interference phenomena. The transmissions of Fabry-Perot like resonances were probed by in-situ transport measurements at various temperatures. The energies of the resonances are determined by the size of the constrictions which can be controlled precisely using STM lithography. The temperature and size dependence of the measured conductances are in quantitative agreement with tight-bi…
We study the effect of resonant scatterers on the local density of states in a rectangular graphene setup with metallic leads. We find that the density of states in a vicinity of the Dirac point acquires a strong position dependence due to both metallic proximity effect and impurity scattering. This effect may prevent uniform gating of weakly-doped samples. We also demonstrate that even a single-atom impurity may essentially alter electronic states at low-doping on distances of the order of the sample size from the impurity.
The realization of p-n junctions in graphene, combined with the gapless and chiral nature of its massless Dirac fermions has led to the observation of many intriguing phenomena such as quantum Hall effect in bipolar regime, Klein tunneling, and Fabry-Pérot interferences all of which involve electronic transport across p-n junctions. Ballistic snake states propagating along the p-n junctions have been predicted to induce conductance oscillations, manifesting their twisting nature. However, transport studies along p-n junctions have so far only been performed in low mobility devices. Here, we re…
We present low-temperature magnetotransport measurements on graphene rings encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride. We investigate phase-coherent transport and show Aharonov-Bohm (AB) oscillations in quasi-ballistic graphene rings with hard confinement. In particular, we report on the observation of $h/e$, $h/2e$ and $h/3e$ conductance oscillations. Moreover we show signatures of magnetic focusing effects at small magnetic fields confirming ballistic transport. We perform tight binding calculations which allow to reproduce all significant features of our experimental findings and enable a deep…
We study the the transport properties of multiterminal ballistic graphene samples, concentrating on the conductance matrix, fluctuations and cross-correlations. Far away from Dirac point, the current is carried mostly by propagating modes and the results can be explained with the conventional semiclassical picture familiar from ray optics, where electrons propagate along a single direction before scattering or reaching the terminals. However, close to the Dirac point the transport is due to evanescent modes which do not have to follow a rectilinear path. As we show in this Letter, this propert…
The coherent charge transport through an illuminated graphene ribbon is studied as function of electronic doping, frequency and strength of the electromagnetic driving, for monochromatic circularly polarized light. We focus on the DC current carried by 2D bulk carriers which is dominant (over edge transport) for short and wide enough samples. Broad dips in conductance are predicted for one-photon and multi-photon resonances between the valence and conductance bands. The residual conductance can be associated with evanescent states and related to dynamical gaps in the Floquet quasi-energy spect…
Josephson junctions (JJ) are a fundamental component of microwave quantum circuits, such as tunable cavities, qubits and parametric amplifiers. Recently developed encapsulated graphene JJs, with supercurrents extending over micron distance scales, have exciting potential applications as a new building block for quantum circuits. Despite this, the microwave performance of this technology has not been explored. Here, we demonstrate a microwave circuit based on a ballistic graphene JJ embedded in a superconducting cavity. We directly observe a gate-tunable Josephson inductance through the resonan…
We theoretically study the inelastic scattering rate and the carrier mean free path for energetic hot electrons in graphene, including both electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions. Taking account of optical phonon emission and electron-electron scattering, we find that the inelastic scattering time $τ\sim 10^{-2}-10^{-1} \mathrm{ps}$ and the mean free path $l \sim 10-10^2 \mathrm{nm}$ for electron densities $n = 10^{12}-10^{13} \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$. In particular, we find that the mean free path exhibits a finite jump at the phonon energy $200 \mathrm{meV}$ due to electron-phonon inter…
An experimental method for detection of bound states around an antidot formed from a hole in a graphene sheet is proposed by measuring the ballistic two terminal conductances. In particularly, we consider the effect of bound states formed by magnetic field on the two terminal conductance and show that one can observe Breit-Wigner like resonances in the conductance as a function of the Fermi level close to the energies of the bound states. In addition, we develop a new numerical method in which the computational effort is proportional to the linear dimensions, instead of the area of the scatter…
