We prove that the vector bundles at the core of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov and quantum constructions of braid groups representations are topologically trivial bundles. We provide partial generalizations of this result to generalized braid groups. A crucial intermediate result is that the representation ring of the symmetric group on n letters is generated by the alternating powers of its natural n-dimensional representation.
We consider the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov and dynamical operators, both differential and difference, in the context of the $(\mathfrak{gl}_{k}, \mathfrak{gl}_{n})$-duality for the space of polynomials in $kn$ anticommuting variables. We show that the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov and dynamical operators naturally exchange under the duality.
It is known that solutions of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov differential equations are given by integrals of closed differential forms over suitable cycles. In this paper a quantization of this geometric construction is described leading to solution of the quantized Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov difference equations.
We explicitly write dowm integral formulas for solutions to Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations with coefficients in non-bounded -- neither highest nor lowest weight -- $\gtsl_{n+1}$-modules. The formulas are closely related to WZNW model at a rational level.
The elliptic-matrix quantum Olshanetsky-Perelomov problem is introduced for arbitrary root systems by means of an elliptic generalization of the Dunkl operators. Its equivalence with the double affine generalization of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation (in the induced representations) is established.
The fundamental matrix solution of the quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation associated with quantum affine sl2 algebra is constructed for |q|=1. The formula for its determinant is given in terms of the double sine function.
We write the integral formula of Tarasov-Varchenko type for the solutions to the quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov associated with a tensor product the of vector representations of sl_n. We consider the case where the deformation parameter q satisfies |q|=1. We use the bosonization of the type II vertex operators in order to find the hypergeometric pairing in this setting.
We consider the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) and dynamical equations, both differential and difference, in the context of the (gl_k,gl_n) duality. We show that the KZ and dynamical equations naturally exchange under the duality.
Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov-Bernard equations for twisted conformal blocks on compact Riemann surfaces with marked points are written explicitly in a general projective structure in terms of correlation functions in the theory of twisted b-c systems. It is checked that on the moduli space the equations provide a flat connection with the spectral parameter.
The quantized Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations associated with the trigonometric R-matrix or the rational R-matrix of the A-type are considered. Jackson integral representations for solutions of these equations are described. Asymptotic solutions for a holonomic system of difference equations are constructed. Relations between the integral representations and the Bethe ansatz are indicated.
We construct Laurent polynomial solutions of the boundary quantum Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov equation for $U_{q}(\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}}_{2})$ on the parabolic Kazhdan--Lusztig bases. They are characterized by non-symmetric Koornwinder polynomials with the specialized parameters. As a special case, we obtain the solution of the minimal degree.
We introduce a q-deformation of the genus one sl_2 Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov-Bernard heat equation. We show that this equation for the dependence on the moduli of elliptic curves is compatible with the qKZB equations, which give the dependence on the marked points.
We show how equivariant volumes of tensor product quiver varieties of type A are given by matrix elements of vertex operators of centrally extended doubles of Yangians, and how they satisfy in some cases the rational, level 1, quantum Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov equation.
The bispectral quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (BqKZ) equation corresponding to the affine Hecke algebra $H$ of type $A_{N-1}$ is a consistent system of $q$-difference equations which in some sense contains two families of Cherednik's quantum affine Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations for meromorphic functions with values in principal series representations of $H$. In this paper we extend this construction of BqKZ to the case where $H$ is the affine Hecke algebra associated to an arbitrary irreducible reduced root system. We construct explicit solutions of BqKZ and describe its correspondence to a…
We construct a solution of Cherednik's quantum Knizhnik Zamolodchikov equation associated with the root system of type $C_n$. This solution is given in terms of a restriction of a $q$-Jordan-Pochhammer integral. As its applicaton, we give an explicit expression of a special case of the Macdonald polynomial of the $C_n$ type. Finally we explain the connection with the representation of the Hecke algebra.
Matrix elements of intertwining operators between $q$-Wakimoto modules associated to the tensor product of representations of $U_q(\widehat{sl_2})$ with arbitrary spins are studied. It is shown that they coincide with the Tarasov-Varchenko's formulae of the solutions of the qKZ equations. The result generalizes that of the previous paper [Kuroki K., Nakayashiki A., SIGMA 4 (2008), 049, 13 pages, arXiv:0802.1776].
Solutions of the qKZ equation associated with the quantum affine algebra $U_q(\hat{sl}_2)$ and its two dimensional evaluation representation are studied. The integral formulae derived from the free field realization of intertwining operators of $q$-Wakimoto modules are shown to coincide with those of Tarasov and Varchenko.
Cherednik's quantum affine Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations associated to an affine Hecke algebra module M form a holonomic system of q-difference equations acting on M-valued functions on a complex torus T. In this paper the quantum affine Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations are related to the Cherednik-Macdonald theory when M is induced from a character of a standard parabolic subalgebra of the affine Hecke algebra. We set up correspondences between solutions of the quantum affine KZ equations and, on the one hand, solutions to the spectral problem of the Cherednik-Dunkl q-difference reflection…
The sum formula for multiple zeta values are derived, via the Mellin transform, from the Euler connection formula and the Landen connection formula for polylogarithms. These connection formulas for multiple polylogarithms will be considered in the framework of the theory of the formal Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation.
We consider the quantized Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov difference equation (qKZ) with values in a tensor product of irreducible sl(2) modules, the equation defined in terms of rational R-matrices. We solve the equation in terms of multidimensional q-hypergeometric integrals. We identify the space of solutions of the qKZ equation with the tensor product of the corresponding modules over the quantum group $U_qsl(2)$. We compute the monodromy of the qKZ equation in terms of the trigonometric R-matrices.
In this article, we define an algebraic version of the Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov functor for the degenerate double affine Hecke algebras (a.k.a. trigonometric Cherednik algebras). We compare it with the KZ monodromy functor constructed by Varagnolo--Vasserot. We prove the double centraliser property for our functor and give a characterisation of its kernel. We establish these results for a family of algebras, called quiver double Hecke algebras, which includes the degenerate double affine Hecke algebras as special cases.
Solutions to boundary quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations are constructed as bilateral sums involving "off-shell" Bethe vectors in case the reflection matrix is diagonal and only the 2-dimensional representation of $U_q(\hat{\frak{sl}(2)})$ is involved. We also consider their rational and classical degenerations.
In this article, we consider the connection problem of the KZ (Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov) equation on the moduli space $\cM_{0,5}$, and show that the connection matrices are expressed in terms of the Drinfel'd associator. As the compatibility condition on the connection problem, we have the pentagon relation for the Drinfeld associators. As an application of the connection problem, we derive the five term relation for dilogarithms.
Presented is an integral formula for solutions to the quantum Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov equation of level $0$ associated with the vector representation of $U_q (\widehat{ sl_n})$. This formula gives a generalization of both our previous work for $U_q (\widehat{ sl_2})$ and Smirnov's formula for form factors of $SU(n)$ chiral Gross-Neveu model.
We construct special solutions of the quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation on the tensor product of the vector representation of the quantum algebra of type A_{N-1}. They are constructed from non-symmetric Macdonald polynomials through the action of the affine Hecke algebra. As a special case the matrix element of the vertex operators of level one is reproduced.
Asymptotic solutions to the quantized Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation associated with $\frak{gl}_{N+1}$ are constructed. The leading term of an asymptotic solution is the Bethe vector -- an eigenvector of the transfer-matrix of a quantum spin chain model. We show that the norm of the Bethe vector is equal to the product of the Hessian of a suitable function and an explicitly written rational function. This formula is an analogue of the Gaudin-Korepin formula for the norm of the Bethe vector. It is shown that, generically, the Bethe vectors form a base for the $\frak{gl}_2$ case.
An integral formula for the solutions of Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) equation with values in an arbitrary irreducible representation of the symmetric group S_N is presented for integer values of the parameter. The corresponding integrals can be computed effectively as certain iterated residues determined by a given Young diagram and give polynomials with integer coefficients. The derivation is based on Schur-Weyl duality and the results of Matsuo on the original SU(n) KZ equation. The duality between the spaces of solutions with parameters m and -m is discussed in relation with the intersectio…
We construct integral representations of solutions to the boundary quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations. These are difference equations taking values in tensor products of Verma modules of quantum affine $\mathfrak{sl}_2$, with the K-operators acting diagonally. The integrands in question are products of scalar-valued elliptic weight functions with vector-valued trigonometric weight functions (boundary Bethe vectors). These integrals give rise to a basis of solutions of the boundary qKZ equations over the field of quasi-constant meromorphic functions in weight subspaces of the tensor produ…
We give an explicit description of the vector bundle of WZW conformal blocks on elliptic curves with marked points as subbundle of a vector bundle of Weyl group invariant vector valued theta functions on a Cartan subalgebra. We give a partly conjectural characterization of this subbundle in terms of certain vanishing conditions on affine hyperplanes. In some cases, explicit calculation are possible and confirm the conjecture. The Friedan--Shenker flat connection is calculated, and it is shown that horizontal sections are solutions of Bernard's generalization of the Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov equa…
The solutions of the sl_N Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov(KZ) equations at level 0 are studied. We present the integral formula which is obtained as a quasi-classical limit of the integral formula for form factors of the SU(N) invariant Thirring model due to F. Smirnov. A proof is given that those integrals satisfy sl_N KZ equation of level 0. The relation of the integral formulae with the chiral Szego kernel is clarified. As a consequence the integral formula with the special choice of cycles is rewritten in terms of the Riemann theta functions associated with the Z_N curve. This formula gives a gener…
The spectral problem for the q-Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations for $U_{q}(\widehat{sl_2}) (0<q<1)$ at arbitrary level $k$ is considered. The case of two-point functions in the fundamental representation is studied in detail.The scattering states are given explicitly in terms of continuous q-Jacobi polynomials, and the $S$-matrix is derived from their asymptotic behavior. The level zero $S$-matrix is shown to coincide, up to a trivial factor, with the kink-antikink $S$-matrix for the spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ XXZ antiferromagnet. In the limit of infinite level we observe connections with harmonic ana…
We propose a new method to compute connection matrices of quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations associated to integrable vertex models with super algebra and Hecke algebra symmetries. The scheme relies on decomposing the underlying spin representation of the affine Hecke algebra in principal series modules and invoking the known solution of the connection problem for quantum affine Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations associated to principal series modules. We apply the method to the spin representation underlying the $\mathcal{U}_q\bigl(\hat{\mathfrak{gl}}(2|1)\bigr)$ Perk-Schultz model. We sh…
We give an explicit formula for the exchange matrix correponding to the tensor product of two copies of the natural (standard) evaluation representation of the quantum group associated to the affine Lie algebra of sl(n+1). Then we calculate the gauge trasformations that transforms it into Felder's elliptic solution of the quantum dynamical Yang-Baxter equation, for the proper parameters. All intermediate formulas are explicitly calculated.
In this paper we extend our previous results concerning Jackson integral solutions of the boundary quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations with diagonal K-operators to higher-spin representations of quantum affine $\mathfrak{sl}_2$. First we give a systematic exposition of known results on $R$-operators acting in the tensor product of evaluation representations in Verma modules over quantum $\mathfrak{sl}_2$. We develop the corresponding fusion of $K$-operators, which we use to construct diagonal $K$-operators in these representations. We construct Jackson integral solutions of the associated…
We consider the one-dimensional XXX spin 1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet at zero temperature and zero magnetic field. We are interested in a probability of formation of a ferromagnetic string in the antiferromagnetic ground-state. We call it emptiness formation probability [EFP]. We suggest a new technique for computation of EFP in the inhomogeneous case. It is based on quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation. We evalauted EFP for strings of the length six in the inhomogeneous case. The homogeneous limit confirms our hypothesis about the relation of quantum correlations to number theory. We als…
This paper studied what shall be called the Long equation: that is the system of nonlinear equation $R^{12}R^{13}=R^{13}R^{12}$ and $R^{12}R^{23}= R^{23}R^{12}$. Any solution of this system supplies us a solution for the integrability solution of Knizhnic-Zamolodchikov equation. We shall approach this equation by introducing a new class of bialgebras, which we call Long bialgebras. A FRT type theorem is given: in the finite case any solution of the above equation is a co-homotety where the vector spase is a comodule over a Long bialgebra.
In the context of higher gauge theory, we construct a flat and fake flat 2-connection, in the configuration space of $n$ particles in the complex plane, categorifying the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov connection. To this end, we define the differential crossed module of horizontal 2-chord diagrams, categorifying the Lie algebra of horizontal chord diagrams in a set of $n$ parallel copies of the interval. This therefore yields a categorification of the 4-term relation. We carefully discuss the representation theory of differential crossed modules in chain-complexes of vector spaces, which makes it pos…
Viewing the Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov equations as multi--time, nonautonomous Shrödinger equations, the transformation to the Heisenberg representation is shown to yield the quantum Schlesinger equations. These are the quantum form of the isomonodromic deformations equations for first order operators of the form $\DD_ł= {\di \over \di ł} - \wh{\NN}(ł)$, where $\wh{\NN}(ł)$ is a rational $r\times r$ matrix valued function of $ł$ having simple poles only, and the matrix entries are interpreted as operators on a module of the rational $R$--matrix loop algebra $\wt{\frak{gl}}(r)_R$. This provides a …
The elliptic quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov-Bernard (qKZB) difference equations associated to the elliptic quantum group $E_{τ,η}(sl_2)$ is a system of difference equations with values in a tensor product of representations of the quantum group and defined in terms of the elliptic R-matrices associated with pairs of representations of the quantum group. In this paper we solve the qKZB equations in terms of elliptic hypergeometric functions and decribe the monodromy properties of solutions. It turns out that the monodromy transformations of solutions are described in terms of elliptic R-matrice…
We review results on the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) and dynamical equations, both differential and difference, in the context of the $(gl_k,gl_n)$ duality, and their implications for hypergeometric integrals. The KZ and dynamical equations naturally exchange under the duality, which provides two kinds of integral formulae for hypergeometric solutions of the equations. This fact yields identities for hypergeometric integrals of different dimensions, the dimension of the first integral being the parameter of the second one, and vice versa. Similar identites exist between hypergeometric and q-hy…
We construct a flat (and fake-flat) 2-connection in the configuration space of $n$ indistinguishable particles in the complex plane, which categorifies the $sl(2,C)$-Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov connection obtained from the adjoint representation of $sl(2,C)$. This will be done by considering the adjoint categorical representation of the string Lie 2-algebra and the notion of an infinitesimal 2-Yang-Baxter operator in a differential crossed module. Specifically, we find an infinitesimal 2-Yang-Baxter operator in the string Lie 2-algebra, proving that any (strict) categorical representation of the st…
This paper continues the same-named article, Part I (math.QA/9812083). We give a global operator approach to the WZWN theory for compact Riemann surfaces of an arbitrary genus g with marked points. Globality means here that we use Krichever-Novikov algebras of gauge and conformal symmetries (i.e. algebras of global symmetries) instead of loop and Virasoro algebras (which are local in this context). The elements of this global approach are described in Part I. In the present paper we give the construction of conformal blocks and the projective flat connection on the bundle constituted by them.
We use the double affine Hecke algebra of type GL_N to construct an explicit consistent system of q-difference equations, which we call the bispectral quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (BqKZ) equations. BqKZ includes, besides Cherednik's quantum affine KZ equations associated to principal series representations of the underlying affine Hecke algebra, a compatible system of q-difference equations acting on the central character of the principal series representations. We construct a meromorphic self-dual solution Φof BqKZ which, upon suitable specializations of the central character, reduces to sy…
Dynamical R-matrix relations are derived for the group-valued chiral vertex operators in the SU(n) WZNW model from the KZ equation for a general four-point function including two step operators. They fit the exchange relations for the U_q(sl_n) covariant quantum matrix derived previously by solving the dynamical Yang-Baxter equation. As a byproduct, we extend the regular basis introduced earlier for SU(2) chiral fields to SU(n) step operators and display the corresponding triangular matrix representation of the braid group.
For an oriented 2-dimensional manifold $Σ$ of genus $g$ with $n$ boundary components the space $\mathbb{C}π_1(Σ)/[\mathbb{C}π_1(Σ), \mathbb{C}π_1(Σ)]$ carries the Goldman-Turaev Lie bialgebra structure defined in terms of intersections and self-intersections of curves. Its associated graded (under the natural filtration) is described by cyclic words in $H_1(Σ)$ and carries the structure of a necklace Schedler Lie bialgebra. The isomorphism between these two structures in genus zero has been established in [G. Massuyeau, Formal descriptions of Turaev's loop operations] using Kontsevich integral…
This paper is continuation of our previous papers hep-th/0209246 and hep-th/0304077 . We discuss in more detail a new form of solution to the quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation [qKZ] on level -4 obtained in the paper hep-th/0304077 for the Heisenberg XXX spin chain. The main advantage of this form is it's explicit reducibility to one-dimensional integrals. We argue that the deep mathematical reason for this is some special cohomologies of deformed Jacobi varieties. We apply this new form of solution to the correlation functions using the Jimbo-Miwa conjecture. A formula (46) for the corre…
We present some new results on the rational solutions of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation for the four-point conformal blocks of isospin I primary fields in the SU(2)_k Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten model. The rational solutions corresponding to integrable representations of the affine algebra su(2)_k have been classified by Michel, Stanev and Todorov; provided that the conformal dimension is an integer, they are in one-to-one correspondence with the local extensions of the chiral algebra. Here we give another description of these solutions as specific braid-invariant combinations of the so ca…
We construct a family of Drinfeld associators interpolating between the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov associator, the Alekseev-Torossian associator and the anti-Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov associator. We give explicit integral formulæ for the family of elements of the Grothendieck-Teichmüller Lie algebra tangent to the family of associators. As an application, we settle a conjecture of Pavel Etingof about the Alekseev-Torossian associator. Furthermore, we give explicit integral formulæ for the family of stable formality morphisms corresponding (in a precise way) to the above family of associators, and for…
We present a new form of solution to the quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation on level -4 in a special case corresponding to the Heisenberg XXX spin chain. Our form is equivalent to the integral representation obtained by Jimbo and Miwa in 1996 . An advantage of our form is that it is reduced to the product of single integrals. This fact is deeply related to a cohomological nature of our formulae. Our approach is also based on the deformation of hyper-elliptic integrals and their main property -- deformed Riemann bilinear relation. Jimbo and Miwa also suggested a nice conjecture which relat…
The paper introduces a new geometric interpretation of the quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations introduced in 1991 by I.Frenkel and N.Reshetikhin. It turns out that these equations can be linked to certain holomorphic vector bundles on the N-th Cartesian power of an elliptic curve. These bundles are naturally constructed by a gluing procedure from a system of trigonometric quantum affine $R$-matrices. Meromorphic solutions of the quantum KZ equations are interpreted as sections of such a bundle. This interpretation is an analogue of the interpretation of solutions of the classical KZ equat…
Elements of a global operator approach to the WZWN theory for compact Riemann surfaces of arbitrary genus $g$ are given. Sheaves of representations of affine Krichever-Novikov algebras over a dense open subset of the moduli space of Riemann surfaces (respectively of smooth, projective complex curves) with $N$ marked points are introduced. It is shown that the tangent space of the moduli space at an arbitrary moduli point is isomorphic to a certain subspace of the Krichever-Novikov vector field algebra given by the data of the moduli point. This subspace is complementary to the direct sum of th…
We discuss relations between different formulae for solutions of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov differential and the quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov difference equations at level 0 and associated with rational solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation.
Let $\mathfrak u$ be a compact semisimple Lie algebra, and $σ$ be a Lie algebra involution of $\mathfrak u$. Let Rep$_q(\mathfrak u)$ be the ribbon braided tensor C*-category of $U_q(\mathfrak u)$-representations for $0<q<1$. We introduce three module C*-categories over Rep$_q(\mathfrak u)$ starting from the input data $(\mathfrak u,σ)$. The first construction is based on the theory of cyclotomic KZ-equations. The second construction uses the notion of quantum symmetric pair as developed by G. Letzter. The third construction uses a variation of Drinfeld twisting. In all three cases the module …
The quantized Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation is a difference equation defined in terms of rational $R$ matrices. We describe all singularities of hypergeometric solutions to the qKZ equations.
