漂移近似中的斜离子收集：磁化马赫探针如何真正工作
Oblique ion collection in the drift-approximation: how magnetized Mach-probes really work
摘要：
在准中性漂移近似下，忽略平行温度梯度，解析求解了强磁场中三维任意形状离子吸收体周围无摩擦等离子体的各向异性流体方程.横向位移穿过磁预护套的影响也被量化。结果表明，平行收集磁通密度与外部马赫数的关系为$n_\infty c_s \exp[-1 -(M_{\parallel\infty}- M_\perp\cotθ)]$，其中$θ$为物体表面与磁场的夹角（在场和漂移速度的平面内），$M_{\parallel\infty}$为外部平行流。这里出现的垂直漂移$\M_\perp$由外部$\E\wedge\B$漂移加上离子和电子电子抗磁漂移的加权和组成，该加权和取决于表面与磁场的总角度。斜（横）马赫探针实验测量的就是这种有些违反直觉的组合。
英文摘要：
The anisotropic fluid equations governing a frictionless obliquely-flowing plasma around an essentially arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional ion-absorbing object in a strong magnetic field are solved analytically in the quasi-neutral drift-approximation, neglecting parallel temperature gradients. The effects of transverse displacements traversing the magnetic presheath are also quantified. It is shown that the parallel collection flux density dependence upon external Mach-number is $n_\infty c_s \exp[-1 -(M_{\parallel\infty}- M_\perp\cotθ)]$ where $θ$ is the angle (in the plane of field and drift velocity) of the object-surface to the magnetic-field and $M_{\parallel\infty}$ is the external parallel flow. The perpendicular drift, $\M_\perp$, appearing here consists of the external $\E\wedge\B$ drift plus a weighted sum of the ion and electron electron diamagnetic drifts that depends upon the total angle of the surface to the magnetic field. It is that somewhat counter-intuitive combination that an oblique (transverse) Mach probe experiment measures.
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