arXiv 0808.04042008-08gr-qc

从早期暴胀到晚期加速的变化引力常量与宇宙学及未来宇宙

Varying Gravitational Constant as Well as Cosmology from the Early Inflation to Late Acceleration and Future Universe

S. K. Srivastava

备注：: 31pages

摘要：

在这里，宇宙学是从可变的引力常量$ G \propto ϕ^{-2}$与$ ϕ(x) $是一个标量和它的波动周围的基态。引力作用量包含了类Einstein-Hilbert项，其中$ G $、动能和$ ϕ(x) $的自相互作用势是可变的。在该模型中发生了两个相变。第一个发生在GUT（大统一理论）尺度$ \sim 2.45 \times 10^{14}{\rm GeV} $，当早期宇宙退出暴胀阶段，第二个发生在电弱尺度。在此尺度下，自发对称性破缺缺，变量$ G $变为常数$G_N$（牛顿引力常量），从而得到了后第二相变时代的宇宙学标准模型。有趣的是，暗物质和精华暗能量是从引力扇区作为标量曲率的线性项和$ ϕ(x) $的组合效应产生的，而不使用曲率的非线性项或任何其他物质场。有趣的是，发现$ ϕ(x) $的涨落导致了第二次相变后的幻影暗能量，它在膨胀的宇宙中后来增长。我们还发现，幻影时代是免费的大裂奇点。

英文摘要：

Here, cosmology is obtained from the variable gravitational constant $ G \propto ϕ^{-2}$ with $ ϕ(x) $ being a scalar and its fluctuations around the ground state. The gravitational action contains Einstein-Hilbert like term with variable $ G $, kinetic energy and self-interaction potential for $ ϕ(x) $. Two phase transitions take place in this model. The first one takes place at the GUT (grand unified theory) scale $ \sim 2.45 \times 10^{14}{\rm GeV} $, when the early universe exits the inflationay phase and the second one at the electro-weak scale. Spontaneous symmetry breaking takes place around this scale As a consequence, variable $ G $ acquires constant value $G_N$ (the Newtonian gravitational constant).The standard model of cosmology is obtained in the post-second phase transition era. Interestingly, the dark matter and quintessence dark energy are created from the gravitational sector as a combined effect of the linear term of scalar curvature and $ ϕ(x) $ without using non-linear terms of curvature or any other matter fields. It is interesting to find that fluctuations in $ ϕ(x) $ cause the phantom dark energy after the second phase transition, which grows later in the expanding universe. It is also found that the phantom era is free from big-rip singularity.

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