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arXiv 0807.2856astro-ph
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用渡越光变曲线探测极热制冷机内部

Probing the Interiors of Very Hot Jupiters Using Transit Light Curves

Darin Ragozzine, Aaron S. Wolf

摘要:

准确理解太阳系外行星的内部结构对于推断它们的形成和演化至关重要。行星的内部密度分布通过旋转和潮汐隆起产生的引力四极场对恒星-行星轨道有直接影响。这些四极子引起的拱点进动与行星的洛夫数($k_{2p}$,拱点运动常数的两倍)成正比,洛夫数是行星的一种整体物理特性,取决于内部密度分布,包括是否存在大质量固体核心。我们发现,四极的行星潮汐隆起是拱点进动的主要来源非常热的彗星($a \lesssim 0.025$ AU),超过广义相对论和恒星四极的影响超过一个数量级。对于周期最短的行星,行星内部每年会引起几度的岁差。通过研究拱点进动的光度信号,我们发现凌日形状的变化比凌日时间的变化更重要。空间\emph{Kepler}飞行任务利用其长基线的超精确光度测量,可以实际探测拱点岁差,其准确度足以推断轨道偏心率低至$e \simeq 0.003$的极热彗星中是否存在大质量核心。由$k_{2p}$产生的信号产生独特的渡越光变曲线变化,其通常不随其它参数或现象退化。我们讨论了测量$k_{2p}$的可行性,以直接约束太阳系外行星的内部性质。

英文摘要:

Accurately understanding the interior structure of extra-solar planets is critical for inferring their formation and evolution. The internal density distribution of a planet has a direct effect on the star-planet orbit through the gravitational quadrupole field created by the rotational and tidal bulges. These quadrupoles induce apsidal precession that is proportional to the planetary Love number ($k_{2p}$, twice the apsidal motion constant), a bulk physical characteristic of the planet that depends on the internal density distribution, including the presence or absence of a massive solid core. We find that the quadrupole of the planetary tidal bulge is the dominant source of apsidal precession for very hot Jupiters ($a \lesssim 0.025$ AU), exceeding the effects of general relativity and the stellar quadrupole by more than an order of magnitude. For the shortest-period planets, the planetary interior induces precession of a few degrees per year. By investigating the full photometric signal of apsidal precession, we find that changes in transit shapes are much more important than transit timing variations. With its long baseline of ultra-precise photometry, the space-based \emph{Kepler} mission can realistically detect apsidal precession with the accuracy necessary to infer the presence or absence of a massive core in very hot Jupiters with orbital eccentricities as low as $e \simeq 0.003$. The signal due to $k_{2p}$ creates unique transit light curve variations that are generally not degenerate with other parameters or phenomena. We discuss the plausibility of measuring $k_{2p}$ in an effort to directly constrain the interior properties of extra-solar planets.

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