8 pages, 4 figures. Invited talk presented at workshop, "Nonlinear Stellar Hydrodynamics", 9-11 July 2007, Paris, France, to appear in EAS Publication Series
Systematic survey for multiperiodicity in the LMC Cepheids (Moskalik, Kolaczkowski & Mizerski 2004, 2006) has led to discovery of several new forms of pulsational behaviour. One of them is periodic amplitude and phase modulation observed in many first/second overtone (FO/SO) double mode Cepheids. In the current paper we present detailed discussion of this newly discovered phenomenon, based on a combined OGLE+MACHO sample of double mode pulsators.
We have performed a detailed systematic search for multiperiodicity in the Population I Cepheids of the Large Magellanic Cloud. In this process we have identified for the first time several new types of Cepheid pulsational behaviour. We have found two triple-mode Cepheids pulsating simultaneously in the first three radial overtones. In 9% of the first overtone Cepheids we have detected weak, but well resolved secondary periodicities. They appear either very close to the primary pulsation frequency or at a much higher frequency with a characteristic period ratio of 0.60-0.64. In either case, th…
We present a sample of 76 double-mode Cepheids detected in the 4.5 square degree area in the central part of the LMC. 19 stars from the sample pulsate in the fundamental mode and the first overtone while 57 objects are the first and second overtone pulsators. We analyze the period ratio of double-mode Cepheids and Fourier parameters of decomposition of the light curves of these objects. We also present location of different type Cepheids from the LMC in the color-magnitude diagram and show the distribution of their ${V-I}$ color indices.
We present a sample of 93 double-mode Cepheids detected in the 2.4 square degree area in the central part of the SMC. 23 stars from the sample pulsate in the fundamental mode and the first overtone while 70 objects are the first and second overtone pulsators. This is the largest sample of such type Cepheids detected in one environment so far. We analyze period ratio of double-mode Cepheids and Fourier parameters of decomposition of the light curves of these objects. We also present location of different type Cepheids from the SMC in the color-magnitude diagram and show their distribution of V-…
Recent search for multiperiodicity in LMC Cepheids (Moskalik, Kolaczkowski & Mizerski 2004) has led to discovery of periodic modulation of amplitudes and phases in many of the first/second overtone (FO/SO) double mode pulsators. We discuss observational characteristics and possible mechanisms responsible for this behaviour.
We test the effect of systematic metallicity difference between the two types of double-mode Cepheids in the Magellanic Clouds. We show that lowering the metallicity for the short-periodic Cepheids leaves the distances at their canonical values and, at the same time, improves the agreement between the observed and model periods.
Aims: We define the relationship between the double-mode pulsation of Cepheids and metallicity in a more accurate way, determine the empirical metallicities of double-mode Cepheids from homogeneous, high-resolution spectroscopic data, and study of the period-ratio -- metallicity dependence. Methods: The high S/N echelle spectra obtained with the FEROS spectrograph were analyzed using a self-developed IRAF script, and the iron abundances were determined by comparing with synthetic spectra assuming LTE. Results: Accurate [Fe/H] values of 17 galactic beat Cepheids were determined. All these stars…
We report the discovery of three new triple-mode classical Cepheids in the Large Magellanic Cloud, two of them with the fundamental, first overtone and second overtone excited, and one pulsating simultaneously in the first three overtones. Thus, the number of triple-mode Cepheids in the LMC is increased to five. We also present two objects belonging probably to a new type of double-mode Cepheids having the first and third overtones excited. We measure the rates of period change in these stars and detect decrease of periods in two of them, what is in conflict with theoretical predictions.
We submitted the available photometric V data of all the known galactic Double Mode Cepheids (DMCs) to a careful frequency analysis with the aim of detecting in each case the importance of the harmonics and of the cross coupling terms. For each object, starting from different data subsets, we progressively built a homogenous set of data, checking the consistency of the results step by step. It was demonstrated that each star displays a different content, showing that no a priori fit can be applied. Up to 4 harmonics were found for the fundamental radial mode (F); in every case, 2 harmonics wer…
The longstanding problem of modeling double-mode behaviour of classical pulsators was solved with the incorporation of turbulent convection into pulsation hydrocodes. However, the reasons for the computed double-mode behaviour were never clearly identified. In our recent papers (Smolec & Moskalik 2008a,b) we showed that the double-mode behaviour results from the neglect of negative buoyancy effects in some of the hydrocodes. If these effects are taken into account, no stable non-resonant double-mode behaviour can be found. In these proceedings we focus our attention on the role of negative buo…
The recent results (Pardo & Poretti 1997, A&A 324, 121; Poretti & Pardo 1997, A&A 324, 133) obtained on the frequency content of Double-Mode Cepheids light curves and the properties of their Fourier parameters are reviewed. Some points briefly discussed in previous papers (no third periodicity, methodological aspects on the true peaks detection, the action of the cross coupling terms and the impact on theoretical models) are described.
We report on the discovery of the second case of a galactic Cepheid, ASAS112843-5925.7=HD 304373, pulsating in the the first (1O) and second (2O) radial overtones. The ratio between the periods (0.8058), the short value of the 1O period (0.922405 d) and the shape of the 1O light curve makes HD 304373 very similar to the 1O/2O Cepheids in the Magellanic Clouds. The implications of a so close similarity between a galactic 1O/2O pulsator and LMC ones are discussed in terms of importance of the metallicity effects.
We employ the very recent photometric data of the OGLE project together with stellar atmosphere and linear pulsation models to determine the distance modulus of the Small Magellanic Cloud from its double-mode Cepheids. Based on the requirement of obtaining the same distance modulus DM from the two types of variables (fundamental & first overtone and first & second overtone), we get DM=19.05 mag, with a very small statistical error (standard deviation) of 0.017 mag. Various systematic and zero point ambiguities (primarily those of the color - temperature transformation) lead to an error of +/-0…
We have frequency analyzed 6391 variables classified earlier as fundamental mode RR Lyrae (RR0) stars in the MACHO database on the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The overwhelming majority of these variables have been proved to be indeed RR0 stars, whereas the remaining ones have fallen in one of the following categories: single- and double-mode Cepheids, binaries, first overtone and double-mode RR Lyrae stars and non-classified variables. Special attention has been paid to the Blazhko stars. We found altogether 731 Blazhko variables showing either a doublet or an equidistant triplet pattern at …
The All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS) monitors bright stars (8 mag < V < 14 mag) south of declination +28 deg. The ASAS Catalogue of Variable Stars (ACVS) presently contains 50,099 objects; among them are 2212 objects classified as RR Lyrae pulsating variables. We use ASAS photometric V band data to search for multiperiodicity in those stars. We find that 73 of 1435 RRab stars and 49 of 756 RRc stars exhibit the Blazhko effect. We observe a deficiency of RRab Blazhko variables with main pulsation periods greater than 0.65 days. The Blazhko periods of RRc stars exhibit a strongly bimodal distribu…
By considering the least-squares fits of the double-mode Cepheid light curves discussed in Paper I we defined their properties by their Fourier parameters and generalized phase differences $G_{i,j}$. When plotting the latter quantities as a function of the respective order, the second order terms are confined in the region just below 3/2$π$; the third order terms have $π/2 < G_{i,j} < π$, the fourth order ones cluster around 2$π$ (or 0), the fifth order ones seem to have $π< G_{i,j} < 3/2 π$. The mean $G_{i,j}$ values are also regularly spaced. The progression of the $G_{i,j}$ values as a func…
For many years modeling of double-mode pulsation of classical pulsators was a challenging problem. Inclusion of turbulent convection into pulsation hydrocodes finally led to stable double-mode models. However, it was never analysed, which factor of turbulent convection is crucial. We show that the double-mode behaviour displayed in the computed models results from incorrect assumptions adopted in some of the pulsation hydrocodes, namely from the neglect of buoyant forces in convectively stable layers. This leads to significant turbulent energies and consequently to strong eddy-viscous damping …
We have conducted a systematic search for multiperiodic pulsations in the RR Lyrae-type stars of the galactic globular cluster Omega Cen. Secondary periodicities close to the primary pulsation frequency have been detected in 17 out of 70 studied fundamental mode (RRab) pulsators and in 35 out of 81 overtone (RRc) pulsators. Because of the observed period ratios, these newly detected periodicities must correspond to nonradial modes. Their beating with the primary radial pulsation leads to a slow amplitude and phase modulation, commonly referred to as the Blazhko effect. The incidence rate of Bl…
We present the first part of a new catalog of variable stars (OIII-CVS) compiled from the data collected in the course of the third phase of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE-III). In this paper we describe the catalog of 3361 classical Cepheids detected in the ~40 square degrees area in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The sample consists of 1848 fundamental-mode (F), 1228 first-overtone (1O), 14 second-overtone (2O), 61 double-mode F/1O, 203 double-mode 1O/2O, 2 double-mode 1O/3O, and 5 triple-mode classical Cepheids. This sample is supplemented by the list of 23 ultra-low amplit…
We have performed systematic frequency analysis of the LMC Cepheids observed by OGLE project. Several new types of pulsation behaviour are identified, including triple-mode and amplitude-modulated double-mode pulsations. In ~10% of the first overtone Cepheids we find low amplitude secondary periodicities corresponding to nonradial modes. This is the first evidence for excitation of nonradial oscillations in Classical Cepheid variables.
Systematic search for multiperiodicity in the LMC Cepheids (Moskalik, Kolaczkowski & Mizerski 2004) has led to discovery of low amplitude nonradial modes in a substantial fraction of overtone pulsators. We present detailed discussion of this new type of multimode Cepheid pulsators and compare them to similar nonradial pulsators discovered among RR Lyrae stars. Finally, we show first detections of secondary nonradial modes in FU/FO double-mode Cepheids.
The importance of Cepheids is well known in many fields of astronomy. Section 2 introduces the Fourier decomposition, a tool to describe quantitatively the light curves of pulsating stars. Sect. 3 shows how an observational result was progressively built on the basis of old and new data; the latter were collected on selected targets just to clarify some controversial points. Since different pulsation modes were suspected among Cepheids, an independent confirmation was searched for. To do that we applied the least-squares technique to Double Mode Cepheids. By obtaining a very satisfactory descr…
We have obtained an HST STIS ultraviolet high dispersion Echelle mode spectrum the binary companion of the double mode classical Cepheid Y Car. The velocity measured for the hot companion from this spectrum is very different from reasonable predictions for binary motion, implying that the companion is itself a short period binary. The measured velocity changed by 7 km/ s during the 4 days between two segments of the observation confirming this interpretation. We summarize "binary" Cepheids which are in fact members of triple system and find at least 44% are triples. The summary of information …
We present CCD phase-binned light curves at 490 nm for 97 Cepheid variable stars in the bar of the LMC. The photometry was obtained as part of the French EROS project and has excellent phase coverage, permitting accurate decomposition into Fourier components. We identify as `sinusoidal' or s-Cepheids those stars with periods less than 5.5 d and small second-harmonic components. These stars comprise $\sim$30% of our sample and most form a sequence $\sim$1 mag brighter than the LMC classical Cepheids in the period-luminosity diagram. They are also generally bluer and have lower-amplitude light c…
We present the results of a systematic search for multiperiodic pulsators among the Galactic Bulge RR Lyrae stars of the OGLE-1 sample. We identify one "canonical" double-mode variable (RRd star) pulsating in two radial modes. In 38 stars we detect secondary periodicities very close to the primary pulsation frequency. This type of multiperiodic variables constitute ~23% of RRab and ~5% of RRc population of the Bulge. With the observed period ratios of 0.95-1.02 the secondary periods must correspond to nonradial modes of oscillation. Their beating with the primary (radial) pulsation leads to a …
The numerical hydrodynamic modelling of beat Cepheid behavior has been a longstanding quest in which purely radiative models have failed miserably. We find that beat pulsations occur naturally when turbulent convection is accounted for in our hydrodynamics codes. The development of a relaxation code and of a Floquet stability analysis greatly facilitates the search for and analysis of beat Cepheid models. The conditions for the occurrence of beat behavior can be understood easily and at a fundamental level with the help of amplitude equations. Here a discriminant D arises whose sign decides wh…
We present revised and improved mid-infrared Period-Luminosity (PL) relations for Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) Cepheids based on double-epoch data of 70 Cepheids observed by Spitzer at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0um. The observed scatter at all wavelengths is found to decrease from +/-0.17 mag to +/-0.14 mag, which is fully consistent with the prediction that the total scatter is made up of roughly equal contributions from random sampling of the light curve and nearly-uniform samplings of stars across the instability strip. It is calculated that the Cepheids in this sample have a full amplitude of ab…
We present an analysis of the period distribution of $\sim 1800$ Cepheids in the Large Magellanic Cloud, based on data obtained by the MACHO microlensing experiment and on a previous catalogue by Payne-Gaposchkin. Using stellar evolution and pulsation models, we construct theoretical period-frequency distributions that are compared to the observations. These models reveal that a significant burst of star formation has occurred recently in the LMC ($\sim 1.15\times 10^8$ years). We also show that during the last $\sim 10^8$ years, the main center of star formation has been propagating from SE t…
We present a CCD survey of variable stars in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy. This survey, which has the largest areal coverage since the original variable star survey by Baade & Swope, includes photometry for 270 RR Lyrae stars, 9 anomalous Cepheids, 2 eclipsing binaries, and 12 slow, irregular red variables, as well as 30 background QSOs. Twenty-six probable double-mode RR Lyrae stars were identified. Observed parameters, including mean V and I magnitudes, V amplitudes, and periods, have been derived. Photometric metallicities of the ab-type RR Lyrae stars were calculated according to the …
We briefly describe a method of obtaining relative intrinsic stellar parameters, such as absolute magnitudes and colors from the light curves of fundamental mode RR Lyrae (RRab) stars. Absolute stellar parameters of double-mode variables (Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars) can be computed from their periods and intrinsic colors combined with stellar atmosphere and pulsation models. By using these two methods, one can determine, e.g., the distance of any RRab star, assuming that accurate multicolor photometry is available. By applying this and a related method for computing metallicity, we derive dis…
We use double-mode RR Lyrae (RRd) stars from the MACHO variable star database of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) to estimate its distance, by utilizing photometric data, linear pulsation and stellar atmosphere models. If we set E_(B-V)=0.11 and [M/H]=-1.5 for LMC, we get M-m=18.52 mag, which is in agreement with the value obtained from Galactic cluster RRd stars. Although the formal statistical error (standard deviation) of M-m derived from the MACHO set is only 0.024 mag, the systematic errors are more substantial. These errors are mostly due to the zero point ambiguity of the temperature sc…
We present new BV time series data of the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy. Current data cover an area of about 0.3 square degrees around the center of the galaxy and allowed us to identify 92 variables. Among them 75 are RR Lyrae stars, 15 are "bona fide" Anomalous Cepheids, one might be a Galactic field RR Lyrae, and one is located along the Carina Red Giant Branch. Expanding upon the seminal photographic investigation by Saha, Monet & Seitzer (1986) we supply for the first time accurate estimates of their pulsation parameters (periods, amplitudes, mean magnitude and colors) on the basis of CC…
