Kenneth Kunen, Dilip Raghavan
We continue the investigation of Gregory trees and the Cantor Tree Property carried out by Hart and Kunen. We produce models of MA with the Continuum arbitrarily large in which there are Gregory trees, and in which there are no Gregory trees.
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We introduce a variant of Martin's axiom, called the grounded Martin's axiom, which asserts that the universe is a ccc forcing extension in which Martin's axiom holds for posets in the ground model. This principle already implies several of the combinatorial consequences of Martin's axiom. The new axiom is shown to be consistent with the failure of Martin's axiom and a singular continuum. We prove that the grounded Martin's axiom is preserved in a strong way when adding a Cohen real and that adding a random real to a model of Martin's axiom preserves the grounded version (even though it destro…
Martin's Axiom does not imply that all automorphisms of P(N)/[N]^{<aleph_0} are somewhere trivial.
We define the $\aleph_{1.5}$ chain condition. The corresponding forcing axiom is a generalization of Martin's Axiom and implies certain uniform failures of club--guessing on $ω_1$ that don't seem to have been considered in the literature before.
It is shown that Martin's Axiom for sigma-centred partial orders implies that every maximal orthogonal family in R^N is of size 2^{aleph_0}
The axioms of ZFC provide a foundation for mathematics, however, there are statements independent of ZFC, such as the Continuum Hypothesis (CH). We discuss Martin's axiom, which is an alternative to CH that roughly states that if there is a cardinal strictly between $ω$ and $2^ω$ it "behaves" like $ω$.
Distinguishing Martin's axiom from its restrictions
该研究提出一种对强着色破坏极小的可数链条件力迫迭代方法，证明了Martin公理严格强于两类受限形式的Martin公理，给出了更精细的公理强度区分。
Assuming the continuum hypothesis there is an inseparable sequence of length omega_1 that contains no Lusin subsequence, while if Martin's Axiom and the negation of CH is assumed then every inseparable sequence (of length omega_1) is a union of countably many Lusin subsequences.
Fragments of Martin's axiom
本文证明Martin公理对$ω_1$稠密集等价于每个ccc偏序集具有Knaster性质K$_3$的片段，并指出维度3在某种意义上是极小的。
We show that adding a random real number destroys a large fragment of Martin's axiom, namely Martin's axiom for partial orders that have precalibre-$\aleph_1$, thus answering an old question of J. Roitman [9]. We also answer a question of J. Steprans and S. Watson [13] by showing that, by a forcing that preserves cardinals, one can destroy the precalibre-$\aleph_1$ property of a partial ordering while preserving its ccc-ness.
We prove that the forcing axiom $MA^{1.5}_{\aleph_2}(\mbox{stratified})$ implies $\Box_{ω_1, ω_1}$. Using this implication, we show that the forcing axiom $MM_{\aleph_2}(\aleph_2\mbox{-c.c.})$ is inconsistent. We also derive weak Chang's Conjecture from $MA^{1.5}_{\aleph_2}(\mbox{stratified})$ and use this second implication to give another proof of the inconsistency of $MM_{\aleph_2}(\aleph_2\mbox{-c.c.})$.
Assuming an inaccessible cardinal kappa, there is a generic extension in which MA + 2^{aleph_0} = kappa holds and the reals have a Delta^2_1 well-ordering.
We define a countable antichain condition (ccc) property for partial orderings, weaker than precalibre-$\aleph_1$, and show that Martin's axiom restricted to the class of partial orderings that have the property does not imply Martin's axiom for $σ$-linked partial orderings. This answers an old question of the first author about the relative strength of Martin's axiom for $σ$-centered partial orderings together with the assertion that every Aronszajn tree is special. We also answer a question of J. Steprans and S. Watson (1988) by showing that, by a forcing that preserves cardinals, one can de…
Martin's Axiom, Large Continuum and Global $Σ^1_n$-Uniformization
本文研究在马丁公理、$2^{\aleph_0}=\aleph_3$、实数的轻语气$Δ^1_3$良序及所有$n\geq 2$的$Σ^1_n$-统一化条件下，构造一个满足这些条件的广义扩展。
Let m be the least cardinal k such that MA(k) fails. The only known model for "m is singular" was constructed by Kunen. In Kunen's model cof(m)=omega_1. It is unknown whether "omega_1 < cof(m) < m" is consistent. The purpose of this paper is to present a proof of Kunen's result and to identify the difficulties of generalizing this result to an arbitrary uncountable cofinality.
Martin's Axiom and Weak Kurepa Hypothesis
该研究证明，在Mahlo基数相容的前提下，可构造模型使Martin公理在$ω_2$成立而弱Kurepa假设失败，回答了相关开放问题，并利用c.c.c.力迫扩张确保弱Kurepa假设始终不成立。
Under MA we prove that for the ideal $\cal I$ of thin sets on $ω$ and for any ordinal $γ\leq ω_1$ there is an ${\cal I}$-ultrafilter (in the sense of Baumgartner), which belongs to the class ${\cal P}_γ$ of P-hierarchy of ultrafilters. Since the class of ${\cal P}_2$ ultrafilters coincides with a class of P-points, out result generalize theorem of Flašková, which states that there are ${\cal I}$-ultrafilters which are not P-points. It is also related to theorem which states that under CH for any tall P-ideal $\cal I$ on $ω$ there is an ${\cal I}$-ultrafilter, however the ideal of thin sets is …
We present several results relating the general theory of the stationary tower forcing developed by Woodin with forcing axioms. The main results is that the forcing axiom MM^{++} (also known as MM^{+ω_1}) decides the Π_2-theory of H_{ω_2} with respect to stationary set preserving forcings. We argue that this is a close to optimal generalization to H_{ω_2} of Woodin's absoluteness results for L(R).
Construction under Martin's axiom of a Boolean algebra with the Grothendieck property but without the Nikodym property
该研究在弱Martin公理假设下构造特殊完全不连通紧Hausdorff空间，改进了Talagrand的结果，证明Martin公理蕴含存在具Grothendieck性质但无Nikodym性质的布尔代数。
In this paper it is proved that, when $Q$ is a quiver that admits some closure, for any algebraically closed field $K$ and any finite dimensional $K$-linear representation $\mathcal{X}$ of $Q$, if ${\rm Ext}^1_{KQ}(\mathcal{X},KQ)=0$ then $\mathcal{X}$ is projective (Theorem 1.10). In contrast, we show that if $Q$ is a specific quiver of the type above, then there is an infinitely generated non-projective $KQ$-module $M_{ω_1}$ such that, when $K$ is a countable field, $\operatorname{\sf MA}_{\aleph_1}$ (Martin's Axiom for $\aleph_1$ many dense sets, which is a combinatorial axiom in set theory…
Martin's axiom and $ω_1^2 \longrightarrow (ω_1^2, 3)^2$
该研究从CH和Hajnal着色出发，通过σ-中心力迫的有限支持迭代构造出满足$MA_{ω_1}$（σ-中心）等条件且$ω_1^2\nrightarrow(ω_1^2,3)^2$成立的模型，同时提出并证明了相关力迫保持原理。
We show that it is consistent with MA + the negation of CH, that the Forcing Axiom fails for all forcing notions in the class of omega^omega-bounding forcing notions with norms of "Norms on possibilities I: forcing with trees and creatures"(by Roslanowski and Shelah - math.LO/9807172).
Echeloned saturation and forcing axioms
针对Paul Larson的问题，研究结合不同力迫公理与集合论假设，证明特定条件下ℵ₁上无弱Laver理想，以及Baumgartner公理下ℵ₂上无Laver理想。
We show that Martin's Maximum${}^{++}$ implies Woodin's ${\mathbb P}_{\rm max}$ axiom $(*)$. This answers a question from the 1990's and amalgamates two prominent axioms of set theory which were both known to imply that there are $\aleph_2$ many real numbers.
In two recent papers (math.LO/0003164 and math.LO/0003165) we answered a question raised in the book by Eklof and Mekler (p. 455, Problem 12) under the set theoretical hypothesis of diamondsuit_{aleph_1} which holds in many models of set theory, respectively of the special continuum hypothesis (CH). The objects are reflexive modules over countable principal ideal domains R, which are not fields. Following H.Bass, an R-module G is reflexive if the evaluation map s:G ---> G^{**} is an isomorphism. Here G^*=Hom(G,R) denotes the dual module of G. We proved the existence of reflexive R-modules G of…
We prove that the Devlin-Shelah weak diamond implies Galvin's property. On the other hand, Galvin's property is consistent with the negation of the weak diamond, and even with Martin's axiom. We show that the proper forcing axiom implies a relative to the negation of Galvin's property for $\aleph_1$.
The biequivalence of path categories and axiomatic Martin-Löf type theories
本文研究了路径范畴与公理化马丁-洛夫类型理论之间的双等价关系，证明了公理化类型理论模型与特定路径范畴的等价性，并引入了模块化的显示映射路径范畴。
Inductive and Coinductive Topological Generation with Church's thesis and the Axiom of Choice
本研究通过将mTTcind+CT+AC的一致性归结为CZF+REA，证明了在最小主义框架中添加余归纳定义不增加一致性强度，并给出了两种解释路径。
Not OCA and products of Frechet spaces
本文继续研究两个可数Fréchet空间乘积的M-可分性，重点考察马丁公理下的情形，并指出OCA蕴含肯定答案，而已有独立性结果仅适用于$\mathfrak c\leqω_2$的模型。
The algebraic internal groupoid model of Martin-Löf type theory
本文将内部范畴的模型结构扩展为代数模型结构并限制于内部广群，证明其代数弱分解系统构成Martin-Löf类型论模型，恢复了经典广群模型，并给出了确保该代数模型的(2,1)-范畴公理。
Uniformization of ladder system colorings and stationary precaliber forcings
本文研究了梯子系统染色均匀化变体与 Martin 公理片段的关系，提出了平稳预 caliber $\aleph_1$ 性质的力迫公理，并证明了其与 $σ$-链接偏序集力迫公理的分离。
Using the property of being completely Baire, countable dense homogeneity and the perfect set property we will be able, under Martin's Axiom for countable posets, to distinguish non-principal ultrafilters on $ω$ up to homeomorphism. Here, we identify ultrafilters with subpaces of $2^ω$ in the obvious way. Using the same methods, still under Martin's Axiom for countable posets, we will construct a non-principal ultrafilter $\UU\subseteq 2^ω$ such that $\UU^ω$ is countable dense homogeneous. This consistently answers a question of Hrušák and Zamora Avilés. Finally, we will give some partial resu…
Martin's Axiom for $σ$-centered partial orders implies that there is a cosmic space with non-coinciding dimensions.
We consider families F of sequences converging to +infinity that F satisfies the following condition (C): (C): if an open set U in the real line is unbounded above then there exists a sequence belonging to F, which has an infinite number of terms belonging to U. For the functions f,g from {0,1,2,...} to {0,1,2,...} we define: f =< g if and only if {i: f(i) > g(i)} is finite. Let b denote the smallest cardinality of a unbounded (in the sense of =<) family of functions from {0,1,2,...} to {0,1,2,...}, see [1]. Theorem 1. If F is a family of sequences converging to +infinity and card F < b, then …
There are several examples in the literature showing that compactness-like properties of a cardinal $κ$ cause poor behavior of some generic ultrapowers which have critical point $κ$ (Burke \cite{MR1472122} when $κ$ is a supercompact cardinal; Foreman-Magidor \cite{MR1359154} when $κ= ω_2$ in the presence of strong forcing axioms). We prove more instances of this phenomenon. First, the Reflection Principle (RP) implies that if $\vec{\mathcal{I}}$ is a tower of ideals which concentrates on the class $GIC_{ω_1}$ of $ω_1$-guessing, internally club sets, then $\vec{\mathcal{I}}$ is not presaturated…
We study the existence of non-separable compact spaces that support a measure and are small from the topological point of view. In particular, we show that under Martin's axiom there is a non-separable compact space supporting a measure which has countable $π$-character and which cannot be mapped continuously onto $[0,1]^{ω_1}$. On the other hand, we prove that in the random model there is no non-separable compact space having countable $π$-character and supporting a measure.
The axiom of choice ensures precisely that, in ZFC, every set is projective: that is, a projective object in the category of sets. In constructive ZF (CZF) the existence of enough projective sets has been discussed as an additional axiom taken from the interpretation of CZF in Martin-Loef's intuitionistic type theory. On the other hand, every non-empty set is injective in classical ZF, which argument fails to work in CZF. The aim of this paper is to shed some light on the problem whether there are (enough) injective sets in CZF. We show that no two element set is injective unless the law of ex…
We give a model where there is a ccc Souslin forcing which does not satisfy the Knaster condition. Next, we present a model where there is a sigma-linked not sigma-centered Souslin forcing such that all its small subsets are sigma-centered but Martin Axiom fails for this order. Furthermore, we construct a totally nonhomogeneous Souslin forcing and we build a Souslin forcing which is proper but not ccc that does not contain a perfect set of mutually incompatible conditions. Finally we show that ccc Sigma^1_2-notions of forcing may not be indestructible ccc.
The proper forcing axiom for $\aleph_1$-sized posets, $ω_1$-linked symmetrically proper forcing, and the size of the continuum
本文证明针对 $\aleph_1$ 规模偏序集的真力迫公理与任意大的连续统相容，并进一步构造模型同时满足 Martin's Maximum 及多种组合原则。
Reflection and Recurrence
本文研究结构性反射原则与递归公理对 ZFC 的扩展，提出其极大一致组合 Laver-generic Maximum（LGM），将连续统确定为 aleph_2 并整合多种已知独立陈述。
A Laver tree is a tree in which each node splits infinitely often. A Hechler tree is a tree in which each node splits cofinitely often. We show that every analytic set is either disjoint from the branches of a Heckler tree or contains the branches of a Laver tree. As a corollary we deduce Silver Theorem that all analytic sets are Ramsey. We show that in Godel's constructible universe that our result is false for co-analytic sets (equivalently it fails for analytic sets if we switch Hechler and Laver). We show that under Martin's axiom that our result holds for Sigma^1_2 sets. Finally we define…
A permutation group acting transitively on certain collections of models
基于 σ-centered 的 Martin 公理，构造可数无限集对称群的真正稠密子群，使其传递作用于足够灵活的关系结构，从而一致性地肯定 Neumann 的相关问题。
A topological space $X$ is called a $Q$-space if every subset of $X$ is of type $F_σ$ in $X$. For $i\in\{1,2,3\}$ let $\mathfrak q_i$ be the smallest cardinality of a second-countable $T_i$-space which is not a $Q$-space. It is clear that $\mathfrak q_1\le\mathfrak q_2\le\mathfrak q_3$. For $i\in\{1,2\}$ we prove that $\mathfrak q_i$ is equal to the smallest cardinality of a second-countable $T_i$-space which is not perfect. Also we prove that $\mathfrak q_3$ is equal to the smallest cardinality of a submetrizable space, which is not a $Q$-space. Martin's Axiom implies that $\mathfrak q_i=\mat…
Define the special tree number, denoted $\mathfrak{st}$, to be the least size of a tree of height $ω_1$ which is neither special nor has a cofinal branch. This cardinal had previously been studied in the context of fragments of $\mathsf{MA}$ but in this paper we look at its relation to other, more typical, cardinal characteristics. Classical facts imply that $\aleph_1 \leq \mathfrak{st} \leq 2^{\aleph_0}$, under Martin's Axiom $\mathfrak{st} = 2^{\aleph_0}$ and that $\mathfrak{st} = \aleph_1$ is consistent with $\mathsf{MA}({\rm Knaster}) + 2^{\aleph_0} = κ$ for any regular $κ$ thus the value …
An $\mathbb R$-tree is a certain kind of metric space tree in which every point can be branching. Favre and Jonsson posed the following problem in 2004: can the class of orders underlying $\mathbb R$-trees be characterised by the fact that every branch is order-isomorphic to a real interval? In the first part, I answer this question in the negative: there is a 'branchwise-real tree order' which is not 'continuously gradable'. In the second part, I show that a branchwise-real tree order is continuously gradable if and only if every well-stratified subtree is $\mathbb R$-gradable. This link with…
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