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arXiv 0804.4175astro-ph
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一个z~2.3质量场星系团红色序列的探测及其向z~0的演化

The Detection of a Red Sequence of Massive Field Galaxies at z~2.3 and its Evolution to z~0

Mariska Kriek, Arjen van der Wel, Pieter G. van Dokkum, Marijn Franx, Garth D. Illingworth

摘要:

在先前的论文中发现的z~2.3处存在强烈抑制恒星形成的大质量星系,表明在z=2之后可能已经存在红色序列。为了验证这一假设,我们研究了大质量星系在2<z<3时的静止坐标系U-B色分布。样本来自我们对大质量星系的近红外光谱调查。颜色分布显示出一个统计上显著的(>3 sigma)红色序列,其中约60%的恒星质量位于高质量端。红序列星系很少或没有正在进行的恒星形成,从发射线诊断和恒星连续体形状推断。它们强烈的巴耳末破裂和在静止坐标系U-B、B-V平面上的位置表明它们处于后星暴阶段,典型年龄为0.5-1.0 Gyr。为了研究红色序列的演化,我们将我们的样品与光谱质量星系样品在0.02<z<0.045和0.6<z<1.0进行了比较。静止坐标系U-B色在给定质量下从z~2.3到现在变红约0.25等。在相同的红移间隔内,红色序列高质量端(>10^11 Msol)的恒星数量和质量密度分别增长了约8倍和约6倍。我们探索简单的模型来解释观察到的演变。被动演化模型预测的d(U-B)太强,产生的z~0星系太红。更复杂的模型,包括老化,星系转变和红色合并可以解释z~2.3和现在之间红色序列的质量端的数量密度和颜色演化。

英文摘要:

The existence of massive galaxies with strongly suppressed star formation at z~2.3, identified in a previous paper, suggests that a red sequence may already be in place beyond z=2. In order to test this hypothesis, we study the rest-frame U-B color distribution of massive galaxies at 2<z<3. The sample is drawn from our near-infrared spectroscopic survey for massive galaxies. The color distribution shows a statistically significant (>3 sigma) red sequence, which hosts ~60% of the stellar mass at the high-mass end. The red-sequence galaxies have little or no ongoing star formation, as inferred from both emission-line diagnostics and stellar continuum shapes. Their strong Balmer breaks and their location in the rest-frame U-B, B-V plane indicate that they are in a post-starburst phase, with typical ages of ~0.5-1.0 Gyr. In order to study the evolution of the red sequence, we compare our sample with spectroscopic massive galaxy samples at 0.02<z<0.045 and 0.6<z<1.0. The rest-frame U-B color reddens by ~0.25 mag from z~2.3 to the present at a given mass. Over the same redshift interval, the number and stellar mass density on the high-mass end (>10^11 Msol) of the red sequence grow by factors of ~8 and ~6, respectively. We explore simple models to explain the observed evolution. Passive evolution models predict too strong d(U-B), and produce z~0 galaxies that are too red. More complicated models that include aging, galaxy transformations, and red mergers can explain both the number density and color evolution of the massive end of the red sequence between z~2.3 and the present.

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