We derive general expressions for non-energy weighted and energy-weighted cluster sum rules for systems of three charged particles. The interferences between pairs of particles are found to play a substantial role. The energy-weighted sum rule is usually determined by the kinetic energy operator, but we demonstrate that it has similar additional contributions from the angular momentum and parity dependence of two- and three-body potentials frequently used in three-body calculations. The importance of the different contributions is illustrated with the dipole excitations in $^6$He. The results are compared with the available experimental data.
The four-body bound state with two-body forces is formulated by the Three-Dimensional approach, which greatly simplifies the numerical calculations of few-body systems without performing the Partial Wave components. We have obtained the Yakubovsky equations directly as three dimensional integral equations.
Two-body scattering is studied by solving the Lippmann-Schwinger equation in momentum space without angular-momentum decomposition for a local spin dependent short range interaction plus Coulomb. The screening and renormalization approach is employed to treat the Coulomb interaction. Benchmark calculations are performed by comparing our procedure with partial-wave calculations in configuration space for p-10Be, p-16O and 12C-10Be elastic scattering, using a simple optical potential model.
We propose a simple approach to predict the angular momentum I ground state (I g.s.) probabilities of many-body systems that does not require the diagonalization of hamiltonians with random interactions. This method is found to be applicable to {\bf all} cases that have been discussed: even and odd fermion systems (both in single-j and many-j shells), and boson (both sd and sdg) systems. A simple relation for the highest angular momentum g.s. probability is found. Furthermore, it is suggested for the first time that the 0g.s. dominance in boson systems and in even-fermion systems is given by t…
We use the three-body model and the sudden approximation to compute angular correlations in high-energy fragmentation reactions of two-neutron halos on light targets. The contribution from one-neutron absorption by far dominates over that of neutron scattering. We use 6He (n+n+alpha) and 11Li (n+n+9Li) as examples and study the dependence of the predictions of this model on different physical assumptions and parameters. PACS number(s): 25.60.-t, 25.60.Gc, 21.45.+v}
In this paper, we discuss the angular momentum distribution in the ground states of many-body systems interacting via a two-body random ensemble. Beginning with a few simple examples, a simple approach to predict P(I)'s, angular momenta I ground state (g.s.) probabilities, of a few solvable cases, such as fermions in a small single-j shell and d boson systems, is given. This method is generalized to predict P(I)'s of more complicated cases, such as even or odd number of fermions in a large single-j shell or a many-j shell, d-boson, sd-boson or sdg-boson systems, etc. By this method we are able…
The Faddeev equations for the three body bound state are solved directly as three dimensional integral equation without employing partial wave decomposition. The numerical stability of the algorithm is demonstrated. The three body binding energy is calculated for Malfliet-Tjon type potentials and compared with results obtained from calculations based on partial wave decomposition. The full three body wave function is calculated as function of the vector Jacobi momenta. It is shown that it satisfies the Schrödinger equation with high accuracy. The properties of the full wave function are displa…
In this paper, we discuss the regularities of energy of each angular momentum $I$ averaged over all the states for a fixed angular momentum (denoted as $\bar{E}_I$'s) in many-body systems interacting via a two-body random ensemble. It is found that $\bar{E}_I$'s with $I \sim I_{min}$ (minimum of $I$) or $I_{max}$ have large probabilities (denoted as ${\cal P}(I)$) to be the lowest, and that ${\cal P}(I)$ is close to zero elsewhere. A simple argument based on the randomness of the two-particle cfp's is given. A compact trajectory of the energy $\bar{E}_I$ vs. $I(I+1)$ is found to be robust. Reg…
The two-body t-matrix is calculated directly as function of two vector momenta for different Malfliet-Tjon type potentials. At a few hundred MeV projectile energy the total amplitude is quite a smooth function showing only a strong peak in forward direction. In contrast the corresponding partial wave contributions, whose number increases with increasing energy, become more and more oscillatory with increasing energy. The angular and momentum dependence of the full amplitude is studied and displayed on as well as off the energy shell as function of positive and negative energies. The behavior o…
In this paper we study the microscopic mechanism for the retarded decay of K-isomers to lower K bands. We do angular momentum projection from suitable intrinsic states. The retardation arises from poor overlap between the low K and high K bands in the integral over Euler angles. Deformed HF and angular momentum projection calculations are done for the decay of the $K=10^+$ isomer band to the ground band of $^{182}W$. K-mixing is unimportant and the K quantum numbers of the bands are quite good. There is significant difference in the reduced matrix elements of transition operators in our formal…
The proton spin crisis remains an unsolved problem in physics. In this paper we find that due to the confinement of partons inside the hadron the angular momentum sum rule in QCD is violated. Hence we find that the non-vanishing angular momentum flux contribution of the partons in QCD should be added to the spin and angular momentum of the partons to solve the proton spin crisis.
Average effective two-body interaction matrix elements in the s-d shell have been extracted, from data on experimentally measured isospin centroids, by combining the recently derived new sum rules equations for pick-up reactions with similar known equations for stripping reactions performed on general multishell target states. Using this combination of stripping and pick-up equations, the average effective matrix elements for the shells, 1d^2_5/2, 2s^2_1/2 and 1d^2_3/2 respectively have been obtained. A new feature of the present work is that the restriction imposed in earlier works on target …
Pseudospin symmetry is approximately conserved in nuclei. Normally shell model interactions are written in terms of spin an orbital angular momentum operators, not in terms of pseudospin and pseudo-orbital angular momentum operators. We determine the shell model interactions which conserve pseudospin symmetry and pseudo-orbital angular momentum symmetry and write them in terms of spin and orbital angular momentum operators including the tensor interaction. We show that, although the tensor interaction by itself does not conserve pseudo-orbital angular momentum, certain combinations of the tens…
The observed preponderance of ground states with angular momentum L=0 in many-body quantum systems with random two-body interactions is analyzed in terms of correlation coefficients (covariances) among different eigenstates. It is shown that the geometric analysis of Chau {\it et al.} can be interpreted in terms of correlations (covariances) between energy eigenvalues thus providing an entirely statistical explanation of the distribution of ground state angular momenta of randomly interacting quantum systems which, in principle, is valid for both fermionic and bosonic systems. The method is il…
We present a study of the tensorial structure of the hadronic matrix elements of the angular momentum operators $\bm{J}$. Well known results in the literature are shown to be incorrect, and we have taken pains to derive the correct expressions in three different ways, two involving explicit physical wave packets and the third, totally independent, based upon the rotational properties of the state vectors. Surprisingly it turns out that the results are very sensitive to the type of relativistic spin state used to describe the motion of the particle i.e. whether a canonical (i.e. boost) state or…
Angular-momentum or parity-dependent nonlocal optical potentials for nucleon-${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ scattering able to fit differential cross section data over the whole angular regime are developed and applied to the description of deuteron-${}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ scattering in the framework of three-body Faddeev-type equations for transition operators. Differential cross sections and deuteron analyzing powers for elastic scattering and ${}^{16}\mathrm{O}(d,p){}^{17}\mathrm{O}$ transfer reactions are calculated using a number of local and nonlocal optical potentials and compared with experimental da…
A new formulation is presented for a variational calculation of $N$-body systems on a correlated Gaussian basis with arbitrary angular momenta. The rotational motion of the system is described with a single spherical harmonic of the total angular momentum $L$, and thereby needs no explicit coupling of partial waves between particles. A simple generating function for the correlated Gaussian is exploited to derive the matrix elements. The formulation is applied to various Coulomb three-body systems such as $e^-e^-e^+, ttμ, tdμ$, and $αe^-e^-$ up to $L=4$ in order to show its usefulness and versa…
Relation to a property of the angular momentum zero space of states of four fermions in an angular momentum $j = 9/2$ shell unexpectedly found to be stationary for any rotationally invariant two-body interaction
In many so-called "beyond-mean-field" many-body methods, one creates symmetry-breaking states and then projects out states with good quantum number(s); the most important example is angular momentum. Motivated by the computational intensity of symmetry restoration, we investigate the numerical convergence of two competing methods for angular momentum projection with rotations over Euler angles, the textbook-standard projection through quadrature, and a recently introduced projection through linear algebra. We find well-defined patterns of convergence with increasing number of mesh points (for …
We prove the Lorentz invariance of the angular momentum conservation law and the helicity sum rule for relativistic composite systems in the light-front formulation. We explicitly show that $j^3$, the $z$-component of the angular momentum remains unchanged under Lorentz transformations generated by the light-front kinematical boost operators. The invariance of $j^3$ under Lorentz transformations is a feature unique to the front form. Applying the Lorentz invariance of the angular quantum number in the front form, we obtain a selection rule for the orbital angular momentum which can be used to …
The transversely-polarized state of a proton with arbitrary momentum is not an eigenstate of transverse angular momentum operator. The latter does not commute with the QCD Hamiltonian. However, the expectation value of the transverse angular momentum in the state is well-defined and grows proportionally to the energy of the particle. The transverse spin content of the proton is analyzed in terms of the QCD angular momentum structure. In particular, we reconfirm that the generalized parton distributions $H+E$ provide transverse orbital angular momentum densities of quarks and gluons in the infi…
Mapping the transverse spin sum rule in position space
CPHT, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris（法国国家科学研究中心、巴黎综合理工学院、巴黎理工学院）；Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay（印度孟买理工学院物理系）
The adaptation of Wigner's induced representation for a relativistic quantum theory making possible the construction of wavepackets and admitting covariant expectation values for the coordinate operator x^μintroduces a foliation on the Hilbert space of states. The spin-statistics relation for fermions and bosons implies the universality of the parametrization of orbits of the induced representation, implying that all particles within the identical particle sets transform under the same SU(2) subgroup of the Lorentz group, and therefore their spins and angular momentum states can be computed us…
We show that, when boosted to the infinite momentum frame, the quark and gluon orbital angular momentum operators defined in the nucleon spin sum rule of X. S. Chen et al. are the same as those derived from generalized transverse momentum distributions. This completes the connection between the infinite momentum limit of each term in that sum rule and experimentally measurable observables. We also show that these orbital angular momentum operators can be defined locally, and discuss the strategies of calculating them in lattice QCD.
We describe the first version (v1.0.0) of the code ADG that automatically (1) generates all valid Bogoliubov many-body perturbation theory (BMBPT) diagrams and (2) evaluates their algebraic expression to be implemented for numerical applications. This is achieved at any perturbative order $p$ for a Hamiltonian containing both two-body (four-legs) and three-body (six-legs) interactions (vertices). The automated generation of BMBPT diagrams of order $p$ relies on elements of graph theory, i.e., it is achieved by producing all oriented adjacency matrices of size $(p+1) \times (p+1)$ satisfying to…
Background: Magnetic dipole (M1) excitation is the leading mode of nuclear excitation by the magnetic field, which couples unnatural-parity states. Since the M1 excitation occurs mainly for open-shell nuclei, the nuclear pairing effect is expected to play a role. As expected from the form of operator, this mode may provide the information on the spin-related properties, including the spin component of dineutron and diproton correlations. In general, the sum rule for M1 transition strength has not been derived yet. Purpose: To investigate the M1 excitation of the systems with two valence nucleo…
We derive a new twist-3 partonic sum rule for the transverse spin of the proton, which involves the well-know quark spin structure function $g_T(x)=g_1(x)+g_2(x)$, the less-studied but known transverse gluon polarization density $ΔG_T(x)$, and quark and gluon canonical orbital angular momentum densities associated with transverse polarization. This is the counter part of the sum rule for the longitudinal spin of the proton derived by Jaffe and Manohar previously. We relate the partonic canonical orbital angular momentum densities to a new class of twist-3 generalized parton distribution functi…
Triaxial shapes and the angular structure of nuclear three-body correlations
Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University（复旦大学现代物理研究所）；School of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University（北京大学物理学院高能物理中心）；Theoretical Physics Department, CERN（欧洲核子研究中心理论物理部）；Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo（圣保罗大学物理研究所）
