Rudy Wijnands
During the last few years a class of enigmatic sub-luminous accreting neutron stars has been found in our Galaxy. They have peak X-ray luminosities (2-10 keV) of a few times 1E34 erg/s to a few times 1E35 erg/s, and both persistent and transient sources have been found. I present a short overview of our knowledge of these systems and what we can learn from them.
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I propose that some of the most luminous planetary nebulae (PNs) are actually proto-PNs, where a companion white dwarf (WD) accretes mass at a relatively high rate from the post-asymptotic giant branch star that blew the nebula. The WD sustains a continuous nuclear burning and ionizes the nebula. The WD is luminous enough to make the dense nebula luminous in the [O III]5007 line, In young stellar populations these WD accreting systems account for a small fraction of [O III]-luminous PNs, but in old stellar populations these binaries might account for most, or even all, of the [OIII]-luminous P…
Accreting T Tauri stars are observed to be less luminous in X-rays than non-accretors, an effect that has been detected in various star forming regions. To explain this we have combined, for the first time, a radiative transfer code with an accretion model that considers magnetic fields extrapolated from surface magnetograms obtained from Zeeman-Doppler imaging. Such fields consist of compact magnetic regions close to the stellar surface, with extended field lines interacting with the disc. We study the propagation of coronal X-rays through the magnetosphere and demonstrate that they are stron…
Accreting T Tauri stars are observed to be less luminous in X-rays than non-accretors, an effect that has been detected in various star forming regions. To explain this we have combined, for the first time, a radiative transfer code with an accretion model that considers magnetic fields extrapolated from surface magnetograms obtained from Zeeman-Doppler imaging. Such fields consist of compact magnetic regions close to the stellar surface, with extended field lines interacting with the disk. We study the propagation of coronal X-rays through the magnetosphere and demonstrate that they are stron…
Advection-Dominated Models of Luminous Accreting Black Holes
人们发现，一类光学薄的双温对流主导吸积解解释了许多低光度吸积黑洞的观测结果。在这里，它表明，这些模型给出了一个令人满意的描述也较高的光度系统，提供的粘度参数$α$是大的。该模型再现了低态黑洞X射线双星的光谱，并解释了临界质量吸积率下从低态到高态的跃迁。模型还表明，X射线双星和活动星系核的X射线/ $γ$射线谱应该是相似的，正如观测所证实的。
The origin and nature of Ultra-Luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) is a contentious and controversial topic. There are ongoing debates about the masses of the objects responsible, their sources of mass for accretion, and their relation to stellar populations in galaxies. A new picture of these objects is proposed in which they are intermediate-mass black holes confined to the disks of their host galaxies and accreting from the interstellar medium. They are then preferentially found in or near molecular clouds. This model correctly predicts the shape of the observed luminosity function and requires o…
The X-ray spectra of luminous Seyfert 1 galaxies often appear to be reflection dominated. In a number of Narrow Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies and galactic black holes in the very high state, the variability of the continuum and of the iron line are decoupled, the reflected component being often much less variable than the continuum. These properties have been interpreted as effects of gravitational light bending. In this framework, we present detailed Monte-Carlo simulations of the reflection continuum in the Kerr metric. These calculations confirm that the spectra and variability behaviour o…
We report the first results of the Chandra temporal monitoring of the ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) in the Antennae galaxies (NGC 4038/39). Observations at four different epochs, covering time scales of 2 years to 2 months, show variability in seven out of nine ULXs, confirming that they are likely to be accreting compact X-ray binaries (XRBs). The seven variable ULXs exhibit a variety of temporal and spectral behaviors: one has harder X-ray colors with decreasing luminosity, similar to the black hole binary Cyg X-1, but four other ULXs show the opposite behavior. We suggest that the lat…
As part of the "All Wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey" (AEGIS), we describe the panchromatic characterization of an X-ray luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN) in a merging galaxy at z=1.15. This object is detected at infrared (8mic, 24mic, 70mic, 160mic), submillimeter (850mic) and radio wavelengths, from which we derive a bolometric luminosity L_bol ~ 9x10^12 Lsol. We find that the AGN clearly dominates the hot dust emission below 40mic but its total energetic power inferred from the hard X-rays is substantially less than the bolometric output of the system. About 50% of …
We present high resolution imaging of the puzzling radio and optical nebula G70.7+1.2 with the Keck Observatory's laser guide star adaptive optics (LGS-AO) system and the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The archival X-ray observations show a hard (Gamma ~ 1.8), low luminosity (L_X ~ 4 x 10^31 ergs/s) point source at the center of the nebula. Follow-up LGS-AO near-infrared imaging of the Chandra error circle reveals a relatively bright (K' ~ 14 magnitude) counterpart. Both its color and brightness are consistent with a heavily obscured B-star or possibly a late-G/early-K giant. The most plausible ex…
Observational appearance of a neutron star in the subsonic propeller state which is a companion of a wind-fed mass-exchange close binary system is discussed. During the subsonic propeller state the neutron star magnetosphere is surrounded by a spherical quasi-static plasma envelope, which is extended from the magnetospheric boundary up to the star accretion radius. The energy input to the envelope due to the propeller action by the neutron star exceeds the radiative losses and the plasma temperature in the envelope is of the order of the free-fall temperature. Under this condition the magnetos…
This catalog comprises an up-to-date list of luminous (>10^36 erg/s) supersoft X-ray sources. We include in this catalog accreting binary sources of high luminosity which are thought to be in a state of (steady or recurrent) hydrogen burning. Since CAL 83, the prototype, is known to have an ionisation nebula, and further supersoft binaries are expected to also have one, we include also sources associated with very luminous planetary nebulae. Not included are PG 1159 stars which reach similar magnitudes but form a rather distinct class. Excluded are also supersoft active galactic nuclei which r…
RX J0720.4-3125 is the third brightest neutron star in the soft X-ray sky and has been a source of mystery since its discovery, as its long 8-s period separates it from the population of typical radio pulsars. Three models were proposed for this source: a neutron star accreting from the interstellar medium, an off-beam radio pulsar, or an old, cooling magnetar. Using data from Chandra, ROSAT, and BeppoSAX we are able to place an upper limit to the period derivative, $|\dot{P}| < 3.6\times10^{-13}{s s}^{-1}$ (3-$σ$). While our upper limit on $\dot P$ allows for the accretion model, this model i…
Evidence is mounting that some Ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) may contain accreting intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs). We review the current observational evidence for IMBH-ULXs. While low-luminosity ULXs with L_X <~ 10^39.5 erg/s (assuming isotropic emission) are consistent with mildly X-ray beamed high-mass X-ray binaries, there are a considerable number of ULXs with larger X-ray luminosities that are not easily explained by these models. Recent high-S/N XMM X-ray spectra are showing an increasing number of ULXs with ``cool disks'' -- accretion disks with multi-color blackbody inner…
We have recently confirmed SN 1996cr as a late-time type IIn supernova (SN) via VLT spectroscopy and isolated its explosion date to ~1 yr using archival optical imaging. We briefly touch upon here the wealth of optical, X-ray, and radio archival observations available for this enigmatic source. Due to its relative proximity (3.8 +/-0.6 Mpc), SN 1996cr ranks among the brightest X-ray and radio SNe ever detected and, as such, may offer powerful insights into the structure and composition of type IIn SNe. We also find that SN 1996cr is matched to GRB 4B 960202 at a 2-3 sigma confidence level, mak…
The source X-9 was discovered with the {\it Einstein Observatory} in the field of M81, and is located in the dwarf galaxy Holmberg IX. X-9 has a 0.2-4.0 keV luminosity of $\sim 5.5\times 10^{39}$ ergs~s$^{-1}$, if it is at the same distance as Holmberg IX (3.4 Mpc). This luminosity is above the Eddington luminosity of a 1~$M_{\odot}$ compact accreting object. Past hypotheses on the nature of this Super-Eddington source included a SNR or supershell, an accreting compact object and a background QSO. To shed light on the nature of this source, we have obtained and analyzed archival data, includin…
In this review I briefly describe the latest advances in studies of aperiodic variability of accreting X-ray binaries and outline the model which currently describe the majority of observational appearances of variability of accreting sources in the best way. Then I concentrate on the case of luminous accreting neutron star binaries (in the soft/high spectral state), where study of variability of X-ray emission of sources allowed us to resolve long standing problem of disentangling the contribution of accretion disk and boundary/spreading layer components to the time average spectrum of source…
We present the first results of an XMM-Newton EPIC observation of the luminous X-ray source population in the supergiant spiral galaxy M101. We have studied the properties of the fourteen most luminous sources, all of which have intrinsic X-ray luminosities exceeding the Eddington limit for a 1.4 solar mass neutron star, with a subset in the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) regime. Eleven sources show evidence of short-term variability, and most vary by a factor of ~2-4 over a baseline of 11-24 yrs, providing strong evidence that these sources are accreting X-ray binary (XRB) systems. The sour…
In a 52 ks-long Chandra ACIS-S observation of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 3628, obtained to study the starburst-driven outflow from this galaxy, we have detected a very luminous (L_X = 1.1e40 erg/s in the 0.3-8.0 keV energy band) point source located at least 20 arcsec (~970 pc) from the nucleus of the galaxy. No radio, optical or near-IR counterpart to this source has been found. This is most probably the reappearance of the strongly-variable X-ray-luminous source discovered by Dahlem et al (1995), which faded by a factor >27 between December 1991 and March 1994 (at which point it had fad…
We study the observational constraints on the growth of massive black holes (BHs) in galactic nuclei. We use the velocity dispersions of early-type galaxies obtained by the SDSS and the relation between BH mass and velocity dispersion to estimate the local BH mass density to be 2.5x10^5 Msun/Mpc^3. We also use the QSO luminosity function from the 2dF Redshift Survey to estimate the BH mass density accreted during optically bright QSO phases. The local BH mass density is consistent with the density accreted during optically bright QSO phases if QSOs have an efficiency 0.1. By studying the conti…
We report the first detection of flux variability in the most luminous X-ray source in the southern ring of the Cartwheel galaxy. XMM--Newton data show that the luminosity has varied over a timescale of six months from L[0.5-10] keV \~1.3 10^{41} erg/s, consistent with the previous Chandra observation, to L[0.5-10] keV < 6.4 x10^{40} erg/s. This fact provides the first evidence that the source is compact in nature and is not a collection of individual fainter sources, such as supernova remnants. The source has been repeatedly observed at the very high luminosity level of L[0.5-10] keV ~1.3 x 1…
The starburst galaxy M82 at a distance of 12 million light years, is the host of an unusually bright $2.4-16\times 10^{40}$ erg/s X-ray point source, which is best explained by an accreting black hole $10^{2}$ to $10^4$ times more massive than the Sun. Though the strongest candidate for a so called intermediate mass black hole, the only support stems from the observed luminosity and the 0.05-0.1 Hz quasi periodicity in its signal. Interestingly, the $7-12 $Myr old star cluster MGG-11 which has been associated with the X-ray source is sufficiently dense that an intermediate mass black hole coul…
Optical studies of ultra-luminous X-ray sources is an essential step in understanding the nature of these enigmatic sources, and in this paper we report our studies of five ULXs in NGC4559, NGC5194, NGC1313 and NGC628 observed with the Hubble Space Telescope and the 6.4 Magellan/Baade telescope. The ULX in NGC4559 is identified with four blue and red supergiants within a $0\farcs2$ error circle, in a star forming region that is younger than $10^{7.4}$ years. ULX-3 in NGC5194 is located on the rim of a star cluster with a few faint stars within the $0\farcs3$ error circle, though the secondary …
We have studied the infrared properties of the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) located in the cores of X-ray-luminous clusters at 0.15 < z < 0.35. The majority of the BCGs are not particularly infrared-luminous compared with other massive early-type galaxies, suggesting that the cluster environment has little influence on the infrared luminosities of the BCGs. The exceptions, however, are the BCGs in the three X-ray-brightest clusters in the sample, A1835, Z3146, and A2390. These BCGs have a prominent far-infrared peak in their spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and two of them (those in …
New radio observations of the counterpart of the ultraluminous X-ray source in NGC 5408 show for the first time that the radio emission is resolved with an angular size of 1.5 to 2.0 arcseconds. This corresponds to a physical size of 35-46 pc, and rules out interpretation of the radio emission as beamed emission from a relativistic jet. In addition, the radio spectral index of the counterpart is well determined from three frequencies and found to be alpha=-0.8 pm 0.2. The radio emission is likely to be optically-thin synchrotron emission from a nebula surrounding the X-ray source. The radio lu…
We report the results of Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of an ultra-luminous supersoft X-ray source in M101. M101 ULX-1 underwent 2 outbursts in 2004 during which the peak bolometric luminosities reached 1e41 erg/s. The outburst spectra were very soft and can generally be fitted with a blackbody model with temperatures of 50-160 eV. In two of the observations, absorption edges at 0.33 keV, 0.56 keV, 0.66 keV, and 0.88 keV were found. A cool accretion disk was also found in the 2004 December outburst. During the low luminosity state, a power-law tail was seen up to 7 keV. It is clear the s…
Historically, variable and transient sources have both surprised astronomers and provided new views of the heavens. Here we report the discovery of an optical transient in the outskirts of the lenticular galaxy Messier 85 in the Virgo Cluster. With a peak absolute R magnitude of -12 this event is distinctly brighter than novae, but fainter than type Ia supernovae (expected from a population of old stars in lenticular galaxies). Archival images of the field do not show a luminous star at that position with an upper limit of ~-4.1, so it is unlikely to be a giant eruption from a luminous blue va…
Young, low-mass stars are luminous X-ray sources whose powerful X-ray flares may exert a profound influence over the process of planet formation. The origin of such emission is uncertain. Although many or perhaps most recently formed, low-mass stars emit X-rays as a consequence of solar-like coronal activity, it has also been suggested that X-ray emission may be a direct result of mass accretion onto the forming star. Here we report X-ray imaging spectroscopy observations which reveal a factor ~50 increase in the X-ray flux from a young star that is presently undergoing a spectacular optical/I…
We present Chandra observations of the enigmatic galaxy IRAS00317-2142, which is classified as a star-forming galaxy on the basis of the ionization level of its emission lines. However, a weak broad Hαwing and a high X-ray luminosity give away the presence of an active nucleus. The Chandra image reveals a nuclear point source (L_(2-10 keV) 6x10^{41} erg s-1), contributing over 80% of the galaxy X-ray counts in the 0.3-8 keV band. This is surrounded by some fainter nebulosity extending up to 6 kpc. The nucleus does not show evidence for short-term variability. However, we detect long term varia…
Radio pulsar and accretion regimes of rapidly rotating magnetic neutron stars in early-type eccentric binaries
在包含早型星的偏心双星系统中，快速旋转的磁性中子星为研究射电脉冲星、星风和吸积现象之间的相互作用提供了一个独特的机会。我们总结了无线电脉冲星占主导地位的吸积占主导地位的制度，讨论如何从一个政权过渡到另一个可以发生的结果，改变轨道距离和相对速度沿轨道，以及风的变化特性。我们推导出两个已知的B星/射电脉冲星双星（PSR 1259-63和PSR J 0045 -7319）可以经历吸积制度的过渡条件。强烈增加的质量损失流出的同伴是必要的，只是为了引起吸积到磁层边界的开始。我们还表明，X射线瞬态A0538-66可能会经历从吸积中子星制度，到磁层上的吸积制度的过渡。这两个区域可能对应于从该源观测到的高亮度（> 10^{38} erg/s）和低亮度（< 10^{38} erg/s）爆发。射电脉冲星可能在A0538-66的长时间静止状态下被探测到。本文还提出了一个新的高能双星LS I +61303的磁层吸积模型。
We studied the colliding galaxy NGC 7714 with two XMM-Newton observations, six months apart. The galaxy contains two bright X-ray sources: we show that they have different physical nature. The off-nuclear source is an accreting compact object, one of the brightest ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) found to date. It showed spectral and luminosity changes between the two observations, from a low/soft to a high/hard state; in the high state, it reached L_x ~ 6 x 10^{40} erg/s. Its lightcurve in the high state suggests variability on a ~ 2-hr timescale. Its peculiar location, where the tidal brid…
We have found compact X-ray sources in the center of 21 (54%) of 39 nearby face-on spiral and elliptical galaxies with available ROSAT HRI data. ROSAT X-ray luminosities (0.2 - 2.4 keV) of these compact X-ray sources are ~ 1e37 - 1e40 erg/s (with a mean of 3e39 erg/s. The mean displacement between the location of the compact X-ray source and the optical photometric center of the galaxy is ~ 390 pc. The fact that compact nuclear sources were found in nearly all (five of six) galaxies with previous evidence for a black hole or an AGN indicates that at least some of the X-ray sources are accretin…
The edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 4565 was observed for $\sim$ 35 ks with ASCA in the 0.5-10 keV energy band. The X-ray emission was dominated by two bright sources, which can be identified with two point-like X-ray sources seen in the ROSAT HRI image. The observed 0.5-10 keV fluxes of these sources, $1.7 \times 10^{-12} erg/s cm^{-2}$ and $0.7 \times 10^{-12}erg/s cm^{-2}$, %$1.66 \times 10^{-12} erg/s cm^{-2}$ %$0.66 \times 10^{-12} erg/s cm^{-2}$ imply bolometric luminosities of $1.0\times 10^{40} erg/s$ and $4 \times 10^{39} erg/s$, respectively. They exhibit similar spectra, which can be expl…
We perform population synthesis modelling of a magnitude-limited sample of 4391 Luminous Red Galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 4 (SDSS DR4). We fit measured spectral indices using a large library of high resolution spectra, covering a wide range of metallicities and assuming an exponentially decaying star-formation rate punctuated by bursts, to obtain median-likelihood estimates for the light-weighted age, metallicity, stellar mass and extinction for the galaxies. The ages lie in the range 4-10 Gyr, peaking near 6 Gyr, with metallicities in the range -0.4<[Z/H]<0…
We present characteristics of the X-ray point source population in the M84 galaxy, observed by Chandra ACIS-S. We find an excess in the number of sources centered on M84, with a spatial distribution closely corresponding to the M84 stellar light. Given an absence of recent star-formation, accreting binaries are the only candidates for the M84 X-ray sources. The majority of M84 sources (with luminosities exceeding 10^38 ergs/s) exhibit hardness ratios expected from multi-temperature black-body disk emission. The most luminous sources, which we attribute to accreting black holes exhibit X-ray co…
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