搓衣板路：由滚动的车轮形成的颗粒状波纹的动力学
Washboard Road: The dynamics of granular ripples formed by rolling wheels
摘要：
颗粒表面在滚动车轮施加的表面力的作用下往往会产生横向波纹，这种效应称为搓衣板或波纹路。我们报告了实验室实验和软颗粒直接数值模拟的结果。在临界速度以上，波纹图案表现为小块的行波，其最终扩展到整个圆周。涟漪慢慢地向行驶方向漂移。有趣的二次动态饱和涟漪观察，以及各种涟漪的创建和破坏事件。所有这些效应都是通过二维软粒子模拟定性捕获的，在该模拟中，圆盘在周期性盒子中的多分散颗粒床上滚动。这些模拟表明，压实和偏析是不必要的波纹现象。我们还讨论了一个简化的标度模型，它提供了一些深入的不稳定性的机制。
英文摘要：
Granular surfaces tend to develop lateral ripples under the action of surface forces exerted by rolling wheels, an effect known as washboard or corrugated road. We report the results of both laboratory experiments and soft-particle direct numerical simulations. Above a critical speed, the ripple pattern appears as small patches of traveling waves which eventually spread to the entire circumference. The ripples drift slowly in the driving direction. Interesting secondary dynamics of the saturated ripples were observed, as well as various ripple creation and destruction events. All of these effects are captured qualitatively by 2D soft particle simulations in which a disk rolls over a bed of poly-disperse particles in a periodic box. These simulations show that compaction and segregation are inessential to the ripple phenomenon. We also discuss a simplified scaling model which gives some insight into the mechanism of the instability.
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