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arXiv 0710.4567astro-ph
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Lambda-CDM宇宙学中暗物质晕的近普适并合率

The Nearly Universal Merger Rate of Dark Matter Haloes in Lambda-CDM Cosmology

Onsi Fakhouri, Chung-Pei Ma

摘要:

我们从Millennium模拟提供的迄今为止最大的暗物质晕数据库中构建合并树,以量化在后代晕质量(1 e12 < M0 <1 e15 Msun),祖先质量比(1 e-3 < xi < 1)和红移(0 < z < 6)的广泛范围内的晕合并率。我们发现每个晕的平均合并率B/n对M0,xi和z有非常简单的依赖性,并提出了一个通用的拟合形式B/n,精确到10- 20%。总的来说,B/n对晕质量的依赖性很弱(与M0 ^0.08成正比),对于较小的合并(xi < 0.1),B/n与母星质量比(与xi^-2成正比)呈幂律关系,而对于较大的合并,B/n则略有上升。作为时间的函数,我们发现每Gyr的合并率演化为(1+z)^n,n=2-2.3,而每单位红移的合并率几乎与z无关。几个测试进行评估,我们的合并率是如何受到影响,例如,千年输出之间的时间间隔,二与多祖合并,并在合并过程中的质量守恒和扩散吸积。特别是,我们发现晕碎片是一个普遍的问题,在合并树建设从N体模拟和比较两种方法来处理这些事件。我们比较我们的结果与预测的两个分析模型的基础上扩展的Press-Schechter(EPS)模型和凝聚理论的晕合并。我们发现每股收益模型高估了主要的合并率,低估了少数合并率的一个因素。

英文摘要:

We construct merger trees from the largest database of dark matter haloes to date provided by the Millennium simulation to quantify the merger rates of haloes over a broad range of descendant halo mass (1e12 < M0 < 1e15 Msun), progenitor mass ratio (1e-3 < xi < 1), and redshift (0 < z < 6). We find the mean merger rate per halo, B/n, to have very simple dependence on M0, xi, and z, and propose a universal fitting form for B/n that is accurate to 10-20%. Overall, B/n depends very weakly on the halo mass (proportional to M0^0.08) and scales as a power law in the progenitor mass ratio (proportional to xi^-2) for minor mergers (xi < 0.1) with a mild upturn for major mergers. As a function of time, we find the merger rate per Gyr to evolve as (1+z)^n with n=2-2.3, while the rate per unit redshift is nearly independent of z. Several tests are performed to assess how our merger rates are affected by, e.g. the time interval between Millennium outputs, binary vs multiple progenitor mergers, and mass conservation and diffuse accretion during mergers. In particular, we find halo fragmentations to be a general issue in merger tree construction from N-body simulations and compare two methods for handling these events. We compare our results with predictions of two analytical models for halo mergers based on the Extended Press-Schechter (EPS) model and the coagulation theory. We find the EPS model to overpredict the major merger rates and underpredict the minor merger rates by up to a factor of a few.

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