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arXiv 0709.1760astro-ph
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辐照原行星盘中的热波

Thermal Waves in Irradiated Protoplanetary Disks

Sei-ichiro Watanabe, D. N. C. Lin

摘要:

原行星盘主要由中心恒星的辐射加热。由于任何半径的入射恒星通量对该位置附近的盘结构都很敏感,因此可能存在不稳定的反馈。已有的研究表明,如果光学表面的垂直高度处处与气体尺度高度成正比,并且恒星辐射的截获率由局部掠射角确定,那么圆盘在有限振幅的温度扰动下是稳定的。我们表明,这些假设可能并不普遍适用。相反,我们计算的准静态热演化的照射磁盘直接集成的全球光学深度,以确定表面尘埃的光学表面和总发射面积填充因子。我们发现,在磁盘适度的质量吸积率,热波是自发和不断激发的外盘,向内传播通过行星形成域,并消散在小半径的粘性耗散占主导地位。这种状态在几个热时间尺度上是准周期性的,它的模式不依赖于不透明度定律的细节。高质量吸积产生的粘性耗散稳定了这种不稳定性,使得整个盘实现了近似稳定的状态。在被动的原恒星盘,特别是过渡盘,这些波引起显着的情节变化的SED,在几年到几十年的时间尺度上,因为中面温度可以变化的两个因素之间的暴露和阴影区域。位涡分布中的过渡峰和谷也可能导致斜压不稳定,激发行星形成区的湍流。

英文摘要:

Protoplanetary disks are mainly heated by radiation from the central star. Since the incident stellar flux at any radius is sensitive to the disk structure near that location, an unstable feedback may be present. Previous investigations show that the disk would be stable to finite-amplitude temperature perturbations if the vertical height of optical surface is everywhere directly proportional to the gas scale height and if the intercepted fraction of stellar radiation is determined from the local grazing angle. We show that these assumptions may not be generally applicable. Instead, we calculate the quasi-static thermal evolution of irradiated disks by directly integrating the global optical depths to determine the optical surface and the total emitting area-filling factor of surface dust. We show that, in disks with modest mass accretion rates, thermal waves are spontaneously and continually excited in the outer disk, propagate inward through the planet-forming domains, and dissipated at small radii where viscous dissipation is dominant. This state is quasi-periodic over several thermal timescales and its pattern does not depend on the details of the opacity law. The viscous dissipation resulting from higher mass accretion stabilizes this instability such that an approximately steady state is realized throughout the disk. In passive protostellar disks, especially transitional disks, these waves induce significant episodic changes in SEDs, on the time scales of years to decades, because the midplane temperatures can vary by a factor of two between the exposed and shadowed regions. The transitory peaks and troughs in the potential vorticity distribution may also lead to baroclinic instability and excite turbulence in theplanet-forming regions.

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