An earlier calculation in a generalized linear sigma model showed that the well-known current algebra formula for low energy pion pion scattering held even though the massless Nambu Goldstone pion contained a small admixture of a two-quark two-antiquark field. Here we turn on the pion mass and note that the current algebra formula no longer holds exactly. We discuss this small deviation and also study the effects of an SU(3) symmetric quark mass type term on the masses and mixings of the eight SU(3) multiplets in the model. We calculate the s wave scattering lengths, including the beyond current algebra theorem corrections due to the scalar mesons, and observe that the model can fit the data well. In the process, we uncover the way in which linear sigma models give controlled corrections (due to the presence of scalar mesons) to the current algebra scattering formula. Such a feature is commonly thought to exist only in the non-linear sigma model approach.
A new mechanism for the pion production in the high energy reactions is suggested. It is related to the possibility for direct production of the pions induced by instantons, topologically nontrivial gluonic excitations of QCD vacuum. This mechanism does not require any fragmentation functions for production of pseudoscalar mesons in high energy reactions with hadrons. We calculate the contribution of a new mechanism to the inclusive $π^0$-meson production in high energy proton-proton collision. It is shown that it gives the dominated contribution to the inclusive cross-sections in the few GeV …
In the approach, based on analyticity and unitarity and assuming an influence of coupled channels, experimental data on the isovector P-wave of pion-pion scattering have been analyzed to study rho-like mesons below 1.9 GeV.
The pion-deuteron scattering length is computed to next-to-next-to-leading order in baryon chiral perturbation theory. A modified power-counting is then formulated which properly accounts for infrared enhancements engendered by the large size of the deuteron, as compared to the pion Compton wavelength. We use the precise experimental value of the real part of the pion-deuteron scattering length determined from the decay of pionic deuterium, together with constraints on pion-nucleon scattering lengths from the decay of pionic hydrogen, to extract the isovector and isoscalar S-wave pion-nucleon …
We review our evaluation of forward dispersion relations for direct fits to the different, and often conflicting, pion-pion scattering experimental analyses. We find that some of the most commonly used data sets do not satisfy these constraints by several standard deviations. We also provide a consistent pion-pion amplitude by improving a global fit to data with these dispersion relations.
We have evaluated forward dispersion relations for scattering amplitudes that follow from direct fits to several sets of pion-pion scattering experiments, together with the precise K decay results, and high to energy data. We find that some of the most commonly used experimental sets, as well as some recent theoretical analyses based on Roy equations, do not satisfy these constraints by several standard deviations. Finally, we provide a consistent pion-pion amplitude by improving a global fit to data with these dispersion relations.
The scattering lengths of a two pion system are the {\it golden magnitudes} to test the QCD predictions in the low energy sector. The DIRAC (PS-212) experiment at CERN will obtain a particular combination of the S-wave isospin 0 and 2 scattering lengths by measuring the lifetime of pionium, the hydrogen-like $π^+ π^-$ atom. This measurement tests the accurate predictions of the Chiral Perturbation Theory. The most recent experimental results are presented.
We study the properties of the Resonance-Spectrum Expansion near threshold in I=0 S-wave pion-pion scattering. The real part of the amplitude, when extrapolated from above threshold to below threshold, is found to vanish at a positive non-zero value of the total invariant mass of the system, in agreement with predictions from perturbative chiral models. In our exact analytic expression, the total amplitude vanishes identically at zero invariant mass.
A new evaluation of the universal $ππ$ scattering length relation is used to extract the $ππ$ $s$-wave scattering lengths from threshold pion production data. Previous work has shown that the chiral perturbation series relating threshold pion production to $ππ$ scattering lengths appears to converge well only for the isospin-2 case, giving $a_2 = -0.031\pm 0.007 m_π^{-1}$. A model-independent and data-insensitive universal curve then implies $a_0 = 0.235\pm 0.03 m_π^{-1}$ for the isospin-0 scattering length.
An explicitly crossing-symmetric decomposition of the pion-pion scattering amplitudes into low- and high-energy components is established. The high-energy components are entirely determined by absorptive parts at high energies. With the exception of the two leading-order parameters, all the parameters appearing in the one- and two-loop chiral amplitudes are determined by the high-energy components of the exact amplitudes.
Considering analyticity, unitarity and an influence of coupled channels, experimental data on the isovector P-wave of pion-pion scattering was analyzed to study rho-like mesons below 1900 MeV. The analysis indicates evidently that in the energy range 1200--1800 MeV, there are three rho-like mesons: rho(1250), rho(1450) and rho(1600), unlike the PDG tables. The obtained P-wave pion-pion scattering length (a_1^1=33.9+- 2.02 [10^{-3}m_{pi^+}^{-3}]) most matches to the one calculated in the local Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model.
We test the positivity property of the chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) pion-pion scattering amplitudes within the Mandelstam triangle. In the one-loop approximation, ${\cal O}(p^4)$, the positivity constrains only the coefficients $b_3$ and $b_4$, namely one obtains that $b_4$ and the linear combination $b_3+3 b_4$ are positive quantities. The two-loops approximation gives inequalities involving all the six arbitrary parameters entering ChPT amplitude, but the corrections to the one-loop approximation results are small. ChPT amplitudes pass unexpectedly well all the positivity tests giving s…
The pionium lifetime is calculated in the framework of the quasipotential-constraint theory approach, including the sizable electromagnetic corrections. The framework of generalized chiral perturbation theory allows then an analysis of the lifetime value as a function of the pion S-wave scattering lengths with isospins I=0,2, the latter being dependent on the quark condensate value.
Pion Compton scattering is studied in perturbative QCD for real and space--like initial photons. Different methods for the convolution of the hard amplitude with the pion wave--functions, which have in the past led to conflicting results, are compared.
We derive a set of sum rules for threshold parameters of pion-pion scattering whose dispersion integrals are rapidly convergent and are dominated by S- and P-waves absorptive parts. Stringent constraints on some threshold parameters are obtained.
A model independent expression for the electromagnetic corrections to a phenomenological hadronic pion-nucleon scattering length, extracted from pionic hydrogen, is obtained. In a non-relativistic approach and using an extended charge distribution, these corrections are derived up to terms of order (alpha)**2 log(alpha) in the limit of a short-range hadronic interaction. We infer a charged pion-proton scattering length of 0.0870(5) in units of inverse pion mass, which gives for the charged pion-proton-neutron coupling, through the GMO relation, a value of 14.04(17).
Chiral perturbation theory, the low energy effective theory of the strong interactions for the light pseudoscalar degrees of freedom, is based on effective Lagrangian techniques and is an expansion in the powers of the external momenta and the powers of the quark masses, which correct the soft-pion theorems. Our primary emphasis will be on the problem of $ππ$ scattering. After briefly reviewing these features and some results, we review some features of $π-N$ scattering.
We consider the two-flavor version of the extended linear sigma model (eLSM), which contains (pseudo)scalar and (axial-)vector quark-antiquark mesons, a scalar glueball (predominantly corresponding to $f_{0}(1710)$), as well as the nucleon and its chiral partner. We extend this model by the additional light scalar meson $f_{0}(500)$, predominantly a putative four-quark state. We investigate various interaction terms of the four-quark and glueball states with the other particles, some of which preserve and some of which explicitly break the $U(1)_{\textrm{A}}$ symmetry. We test our model by per…
Assuming that the pion-pion scattering amplitude and its absorptive part are analytic inside an ellipse in $t$- plane with foci $t=0$, $u=0$ and right extremity $t=4 m_π^2 +ε$, ($ε> 0$), except for cuts prescribed by Mandelstam representation for $t\geq 4 m_π^2$, $u\geq 4 m_π^2$ , and bounded by $s^N$ on the boundary of this domain, we prove that for $s\rightarrow \infty$, σ_{inel} (s) > \frac{Const}{s^{5/2} }\exp {[-\frac{\sqrt{s}}{4} (N+5/2) \ln {s} ]}.
Chiral Ward identities lead to consistent accounting for the sigma's width in the linear sigma model's Feynman rules. Reanalysis of pion scattering data at threshold imply a mass for the sigma of 600+ 200 - 100 MeV.
We present the pion-pion elastic scattering amplitude at finite temperature to one-loop in Chiral Perturbation Theory. The thermal scattering amplitude properly defined allows to generalize the perturbative unitarity relation to the $T\neq 0$ case. Our result provides a model independent prediction of an enhanced pion-pion low-energy phase shift with the temperature and it has physical applications within the context of Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions.
We develop a generalized version of heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory to describe pion-nucleon scattering in a kinematic domain that extends continuously from threshold to the delta-isobar peak. The $P$-wave phase shifts are used to illustrate this framework.
We investigate the dispersive contribution by radiative processes such as (pi- proton to neutron gamma) and (pi- proton to Delta gamma) to the pion-nucleon scattering lengths of charged pions in the heavy baryon limit. They give a large isospin violating contribution in the corresponding isoscalar scattering length, but only a small violation in the isovector one. These terms contribute 6.3(3)% to the 1s level shift of pionic hydrogen and give a chiral constant F_pi^2f_1=-25.8(8) MeV.
This work reviews the available experimental information on the pi-pi scattering lengths, especially the recent near-threshold pi N -> pi pi N data from several laboratories and the related application of the Chew-Low-Goebel (CLG) technique well below 1 GeV/c momentum. At this time uncertainties stemming from non-pion-exchange backgrounds in near-threshold CLG studies appear to preclude a determination of the pi$-pi scattering lengths with the desired accuracy of 10% or better.
We present a new method for the determination of the pion-pion scattering lenght combination a0-a2, based on the study of the pi0-pi0 spectrum in K->pi+ pi0 pi0 in the vicinity of the pi+ pi- threshold. The method requires a minimum of theoretical input, and is potentially very accurate.
We construct an effective Lagrangian for interacting pions with non-relativistic energies. The coupling constants can be expressed in terms of the different scattering lengths and slopes. When used in the calculation of the pionium decay rate, the scattering slope contribution gives a correction of about 8% compared with the lowest order contribution coming from the scattering lengths alone.
We review our recent analysis of pion-pion scattering data in terms of Roy equations and Forward Dispersion Relations, and present some preliminary results in terms of a new set of once-subtracted coupled equations for partial waves. The first analysis consists of independent fits to the different pion-pion channels that satisfies rather well the dispersive representation. In the second analysis we constrain the fit with the dispersion relations. The latter provides a very precise and model independent description of data using just analyticity, causality and crossing.
We consider the sum rule proposed by one of us (SLA), obtained by taking the expectation value of an axial vector commutator in a state with one pion. The sum rule relates the pion decay constant to integrals of pion-pion cross sections, with one pion off the mass shell. We remark that recent data on pion-pion scattering allow a precise evaluation of the sum rule. We also discuss the related Adler--Weisberger sum rule (obtained by taking the expectation value of the same commutator in a state with one nucleon), especially in connection with the problem of extrapolation of the pion momentum off…
We calculate azimuthal asymmetries and the Callan-Gross $R$-ratio for semi-exclusive pion production in deep inelastic scattering taking into account higher twist effects. Our results are qualitatively different from the QCD-improved parton model predictions for semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering.
We derive an analytic result for the pion pole contribution to the light-by-light scattering correction to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, $a_μ= (g_μ-2)/2$. Using the vector meson dominance model (VMD) for the pion transition form factor, we obtain $a_μ^{{\rm LBL},π^0} = +56 \times 10^{-11}$.
We show that a suitable setting for comparison of the low-energy representation for pion-pion scattering amplitudes, with dispersive representation for these amplitudes, is provided by certain manifestly crossing symmetric dispersion relations. We begin with a discussion of fixed-t dispersion relations and discuss the origin of crossing constraints that arise in this context when we consider resonance saturation with certain $l\geq 2$ states. We demonstrate that the approach advocated here does not require us to enforce such constraints. Our results are contrasted with those from fixed-t dispe…
It is shown that the basic shape of dipion mass distributions in the two-pion transitions of both charmonia and bottomonia states are explained by an unified mechanism based on the contribution of the $ππ$, $K\overline{K}$ and $ηη$ coupled channels including their interference.
In a multi-channel $S$-matrix approach, data on $ππ\toππ,K\bar{K},ηη$ in the $I^GJ^{PC}=0^+2^{++}$ sector and $ππ$ scattering in the $1^+3^{--}$ sector are analyzed to study the $f_2$- and $ρ_3$-mesons, respectively. Spectroscopic implications and possible classification of the $f_2$-states in terms of the SU(3) multiplets are also discussed.
We consider an alternative explanation of newly found growth of neutral pion transition form factor with virtuality of one of photon. It is based on Sudakov suppression of quark-photon vertex. Some applications to scattering and annihilation channels are considered including the relevant experiments with lepton-proton scattering.
The electromagnetic corrections to the low energy scattering amplitude involving charged pions only are investigated at leading and next-to-leading orders in the two-flavour chiral expansion. As an application, the corresponding variation in the strong $2S-2P$ level shift is evaluated. The relative variation is of the order of 5%.
The large N effective action of the non-linear sigma model based in the coset O(N+1)/O(N) is obtained. The renormalization of this effective action requires the introduction of an infinite set of counterterms. However, there exit particular cases where, at some scale, only a finite number of non-zero coupling constants are present. This fact makes possible a one parameter fit of the I=J=0 low-energy pion scattering. The corresponding non-local effective action is used to study the properties of the skyrmion which is shown to be unstable in this approximation.
We give the conversion equations which lead from experimental values of the $3p \to 1s$ transition energy in pionic hydrogen and the total width of the $1s$ level to values of the s-wave threshold scattering parameters for the processes $π^-p \to π^-p$ and $π^-p \to π^0n$ respectively. Using a three-channel potential model, we then calculate the electromagnetic corrections to these quantities, which remove the effects of the Coulomb interaction, the external mass differences and the presence of the $γn$ channel. We give the s-wave scattering parameters obtained from the present experimental da…
We calculate the pion-pion elastic scattering phase shifts for pion masses from the chiral limit to values of interest for lattice studies. At low energies, we use the standard Chiral Perturbation Theory expressions to one and two loops. In addition, we study the phase shifts mass dependence in the resonance region by means of dispersion theory in the form of unitarized Chiral Perturbation Theory and the Inverse Amplitude Method. We pay particular attention to the case when resonances are close to threshold, illustrating the different behavior between scalar and vector resonances. We also prov…
We calculate low-energy meson decay processes and pion-pion scattering lengths in a two-flavour linear sigma model with global chiral symmetry, exploring the scenario in which the scalar mesons $f_0$(600) and $a_0$(980) are assumed to be $\bar q q$ states.
We recalculated pion virtual Compton scattering in perturbative QCD in this paper. Our calculation avoids some deficiencies in existing literatures, and treats real Compton scattering as a limit case in which the mass of the virtual photon equals to zero. Expressions of the hard scattering amplitudes from 10 independent diagrams are given explicitly in the text. By comparing the effects of different distribution amplitudes on physical observables, we studied the self-consistence of pQCD calculation of this problem.
This talk is dedicated to the memory of Paco Yndurain, the original speaker in the conference. After a short account of his scientific career, we briefly review our ongoing collaboration to determine precisely the $ππ$ scattering amplitude including the most recent data by means of Forward Dispersion Relations and Roy Equations. A remarkable improvement in precision over the intermediate energy region is obtained by using once-subtracted Roy Equations in addition to the standard twice-subtracted ones.
We present the results on the relativistic six-pion scattering amplitude at low energy, calculated at $\mathcal{O}(p^4)$ within the framework of the massive $\text{O}(N)$ nonlinear sigma model extended to the next-to-leading order in the chiral counting. For $N=3$, this approach corresponds to the two(-quark)-flavor Chiral Perturbation Theory. We also present the expressions for the pion mass, pion decay constant and the four-pion amplitude in the case of $N$ (meson) flavors at $\mathcal{O}(p^4)$.
This thesis investigates the Hadronic Light by Light (HLL) scattering contribution to the muon $g-2$, which is one of the most important low energy hadronic effects and consists mainly of the quark loop, the pion pole and the charged pion and kaon loops. In this work the charged pion loop has been investigated more closely. After reviewing the subject a preliminary introduction to Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT), Hidden Local Symmetry (HLS) model and the full Vector Meson Dominance (VMD) model is given, and they are used to calculate the pion loop HLL scattering contribution to the muon anom…
The effect of isoscalar S-wave processes $ππ\toππ,K\overline{K},ηη$ is considered in the analysis of data (from the ARGUS, CLEO, CUSB, Crystal Ball, Belle, BABAR collaborations) on the bottomonia decays --- $Υ(mS)\toΥ(nS)ππ$ ($m>n, m=2,3,4,5, n=1,2,3$). It is shown that the dipion mass spectra of these decays are explained by the unified mechanism related to the contribution of the multichannel $ππ$ scattering in the final states of these reactions. Since in the analysis the multichannel $ππ$-scattering amplitudes did not change in comparison with the ones in our combined analysis of data on t…
Small momentum transfer elastic pion-proton cross-section at high energies is calculated assuming the proton is composed of two constituents, a quark and a diquark. We find that it is possible to fit very precisely the data when (i) the pion acts as a single entity (no constituent quark structure) and (ii) the diquark is rather large, comparable to the size of the proton.
We evaluate the isospin breaking corrections to the scattering amplitude π^- K^+ -> π^- K^+ at threshold in the framework of chiral perturbation theory. This channel is of particular interest for the strong 2S-2P energy level shift in pion-kaon bound states. While a prediction of this level shift is hampered by a large uncertainty in the isoscalar scattering length, we find only a moderate uncertainty of about 3% in the electromagnetic corrections which are relevant for the extraction of the scattering lengths from experiment
The $O(p^4)$ calculation on pion-nucleon elastic scattering amplitude in EOMS scheme within covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory is reviewed. Numerical fits to partial wave amplitudes up to $\sqrt{s}=1.13$ GeV and 1.20 GeV are performed and the results are compared with previous studies.
We study deeply virtual Compton scattering on a virtual pion that is emitted by a proton. Using a range of models for the generalized parton distributions of the pion, we evaluate the cross section, as well as the beam spin and beam charge asymmetries in the leading-twist approximation. Studying Compton scattering on the pion in suitable kinematics puts high demands on both beam energy and luminosity, and we find that the corresponding requirements will first be met after the energy upgrade at Jefferson Laboratory. As a by-product of our study, we construct a parameterization of pion generaliz…
Tree amplitudes for baryon-pion scattering are studied in the 1/N_c expansion. Generalized large-N_c consistency conditions are obtained to all orders in baryon mass splittings. For baryons with spin J ~ O(1), the leading order in N_c tree amplitudes can be evaluated keeping only terms up to a given finite order in baryon mass splittings.
Using a soft pion theorem based on chiral symmetry and a $Δ(1232)$ resonance model we propose an estimate for the production cross section of low energy pions in the deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) process. In particular, we express the $e p \to e γπN$ processes in terms of generalized parton distributions. We provide estimates of the contamination of the $e p \to e γp$ DVCS observables due to this associated pion production processes when the experimental data are not fully exclusive, for a set of kinematical conditions representative of present or planned experiments at JLab, HERMES…
We enforce chiral Ward identities on the vertices of the linear sigma model to take into account the width of the scalar sigma, considered as a true physical resonance. We consider pion scattering at very low energies and, from a fit to the measured phase shifts in the various angular momentum and isospin channels, conclude a mass for the sigma of 600+200-100 MeV. Its width turns out to be of the same size.
The process of two pion production in the electron-polarized proton scattering is investigated. In the Weizsäcker-Williams approximation the differential spectral distributions and the spin-momentum correlations are considered. The spin correlation effects caused by $ρ$-meson widths are estimated to be of an order of several per cent. Both channels of the $π^+π^-$ and $π^+π^0$ creation are considered. The effects of intermediate excited baryons are not considered. The spectral distributions on pion energy fractions in polarized and unpolarized cases are presented analytically and numerically.
The Roy equations determine the S- and P-wave pion-pion phase shifts on a low energy interval. They allow the derivation of threshold parameters from experimental data. We examine the solutions of these equations that are in the neighborhood of a given solution by means of a linearization procedure. An updated survey of known results on the dimension of the manifold of solutions is presented. The solution is unique for a low energy interval with upper end at 800 MeV. We determine its response to small variations of the input: S-wave scattering lengths and absorptive parts above 800 MeV. We con…
The identification of the X(3872) as a loosely-bound charm-meson molecule allows it to be described by an effective field theory, called XEFT, for the D^* Dbar, D Dbar^* and D Dbar pi sector of QCD at energies small compared to the pion mass. We point out that this effective field theory can be extended to the sector that includes an additional pion and used to calculate cross sections for the scattering of a pion and the X(3872). If the collision energy is much smaller than the pion mass, the cross sections are completely calculable at leading order in terms of the masses and widths of the ch…
We discuss the electromagnetic corrections to the pion-nucleon scattering lengths generated by minimal e. m. coupling from a knowledge of the low energy expansion of the pion-nucleon elastic scattering amplitude as well as from the nucleon and delta pole terms, all a consequence of purely strong interactions. We assume the heavy baryon limit; the e.m. and axial form factors and the masses are used with their empirical values, such that there is no free parameter. The different terms have a clear physical and intuitive origin. In particular, a large isospin breaking contribution to the isoscala…
Elastic pion-pion and pion-nucleon scattering are reviewed in the context of chiral perturbation theory. Theoretical results from systematic low-energy expansions to O(p^6) for pion-pion and to O(p^3) for pion-nucleon scattering are compared with experimental data. Possible future developments are outlined.
In a recent work on low energy pion-nucleon scattering, instead of using chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) amplitude, we started from a pion-nucleon {\it soft-pion} result and used elastic unitarity directly as a dynamical constraint to construct first-order unitarity corrected amplitudes. The resulting amplitudes are crossing symmetric but, as the ChPT ones, satisfy only approximate unitarity relation. In the present work, we reconsider our approach and we apply the inverse amplitude method (IAM) in order to access the energy resonance region. We present the resulting S- and P-wave phase shif…
The pion-pion scattering amplitudes provided by second-order chiral perturbation theory are confronted with known rigorous constraints derived from the axioms of quantum field theory. We mainly test constraints restricting the $π^0$-$π^0$ $S$- and $D$-wave amplitudes in the unphysical interval $0\leq s\leq 4m_π^2$. These constraints impose significant lower bounds for a linear combination of coupling constants specifying the second order chiral Lagrangian. The accepted value of this combination is consistent with these bounds. The $π^0$-$π^0$ $S$- and $D$-waves are strongly correlated by a set…
Using the results presented in the talk by V.Vereshagin (this conference), we illustrate the approach developed in earlier papers by the calculation of (πN) elastic scattering amplitude and explain how to derive corresponding bootstrap conditions. In the end, we briefly mention some results of numerical comparison with experimental data.
We show that the off-shell contributions in Compton scattering by pion may exist only in the single exchange diagrams. These contributions are canceled completely in the total gauge-invariant amplitude as it confirmed by one-loop calculations. It explains, in particular, some results of the chiral pertubation theory in the order $p^4$ but this cancelation has no relation to chiral symmetry.
