来自结构的暗能量：现状报告
Dark Energy from structure: a status report
摘要：
在任何引力理论中，非均匀宇宙模型的有效演化都可以用空间平均变量来描述。在爱因斯坦的理论中，将注意力限制在标量变量上，这种演化可以通过一组有效体积标度因子的弗里德曼方程的解来建模，其中包含物质和反反应源项。后者可以用模拟暗能量的有效标量场（“变形子场”）来表示。目前的工作提供了一个概述的暗能量的辩论与不均匀性的影响，并制定战略，在理论和观测宇宙学的反反应效应的全面定量评估。我们回顾了描述相对论宇宙学中的反反应效应的基本步骤，这些步骤导致重新设置标准宇宙学方程，但也提出了一些与其观测解释有关的挑战和未解决的问题。这个主题目前的状态是中间的：我们有一个很好的定性的理解指向宇宙学的标准模型的全球不稳定性的反反应效应;精确的解决方案和微扰的结果建模这种不稳定性在于正确的部门来解释暗能量的不均匀性。公平地说，即使反反应效应的重要性没有一些研究人员预期的那么重要，和谐的高精度宇宙学、当前N体模拟的架构以及标准微扰方法都可能无法正确地描述晚期宇宙。
英文摘要：
The effective evolution of an inhomogeneous universe model in any theory of gravitation may be described in terms of spatially averaged variables. In Einstein's theory, restricting attention to scalar variables, this evolution can be modeled by solutions of a set of Friedmann equations for an effective volume scale factor, with matter and backreaction source terms. The latter can be represented by an effective scalar field (`morphon field') modeling Dark Energy. The present work provides an overview over the Dark Energy debate in connection with the impact of inhomogeneities, and formulates strategies for a comprehensive quantitative evaluation of backreaction effects both in theoretical and observational cosmology. We recall the basic steps of a description of backreaction effects in relativistic cosmology that lead to refurnishing the standard cosmological equations, but also lay down a number of challenges and unresolved issues in connection with their observational interpretation. The present status of this subject is intermediate: we have a good qualitative understanding of backreaction effects pointing to a global instability of the standard model of cosmology; exact solutions and perturbative results modeling this instability lie in the right sector to explain Dark Energy from inhomogeneities. It is fair to say that, even if backreaction effects turn out to be less important than anticipated by some researchers, the concordance high-precision cosmology, the architecture of current N-body simulations, as well as standard perturbative approaches may all fall short in correctly describing the Late Universe.
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