非平衡态量子杂质：从熵产生到信息论
Nonequilibrium quantum-impurities: from entropy production to information theory
摘要：
非平衡稳态电流与其平衡态电流不同，它不断地将能量耗散到其物理环境中，导致熵产生和时间反演对称性破缺。这封信讨论了这些问题的背景下，量子杂质模型驱动的平衡，通过附加杂质的铅在不同的化学势和温度。我们首先指出，熵产生往往隐藏在量子杂质模型的传统处理。然后，我们使用简单的热力学参数来定义熵产生率。使用散射框架最近开发的作者，我们表明，熵产生率有一个简单的信息论解释的香农熵和Kullback-Leibler散度的非平衡分布函数。这使我们能够证明，对于任何非平衡稳态，熵产生都是严格正的。最后，我们将这些想法应用到共振能级模型和近藤模型。
英文摘要：
Nonequilibrium steady-state currents, unlike their equilibrium counterparts, continuously dissipate energy into their physical surroundings leading to entropy production and time-reversal symmetry breaking. This letter discusses these issues in the context of quantum impurity models driven out of equilibrium by attaching the impurity to leads at different chemical potentials and temperatures. We start by pointing out that entropy production is often hidden in traditional treatments of quantum-impurity models. We then use simple thermodynamic arguments to define the rate of entropy production. Using the scattering framework recently developed by the authors we show that the rate of entropy production has a simple information theoretic interpretation in terms of the Shannon entropy and Kullback-Leibler divergence of nonequilibrium distribution function. This allows us to show that the entropy production is strictly positive for any nonequilibrium steady-state. We conclude by applying these ideas to the Resonance Level Model and the Kondo model.
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