Dragomir N. Neshev, Andrey A. Sukhorukov, Wieslaw Krolikowski, Yuri S. Kivshar
We review the recent developments in the field of photonic lattices emphasizing their unique properties for controlling linear and nonlinear propagation of light. We draw some important links between optical lattices and photonic crystals pointing towards practical applications in optical communications and computing, beam shaping, and bio-sensing.
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We prove Anderson localization in a disordered photonic crystal waveguide by measuring the ensemble-averaged localization length which is controlled by the dispersion of the photonic crystal waveguide. In such structures, the localization length shows a 10-fold variation between the fast- and the slow-light regime and, in the latter case, it becomes shorter than the sample length thus giving rise to strongly confined modes. The dispersive behavior of the localization length demonstrates the close relation between Anderson localization and the photon density of states in disordered photonic cry…
We analyze numerically localization of light in linear square waveguide arrays restricted in one dimension (``ribbons''), whose boundaries are disordered in propagation constant and/or coupling. We find that the disordered boundary induces a localization tendency in the bulk even for relatively wide ribbons.
Unintentional but unavoidable fabrication imperfections in state-of-the-art photonic-crystal waveguides lead to the spontaneous formation of Anderson-localized modes thereby limiting slowlight propagation and its potential applications. On the other hand, disorder-induced cavities offer an approach to cavity-quantum electrodynamics and random lasing at the nanoscale. The key statistical parameter governing the disorder effects is the localization length, which together with the waveguide length determines the statistical transport of light through the waveguide. In a disordered photonic-crysta…
One of the most intriguing problems of light transport in solids is the localization that has been observed in various disordered photonic structures1-11. The light localization in defect-free icosahedral quasicrystals has recently been predicted theoretically without experimental verification10. Here we report on the fabrication of submicron-size dielectric icosahedral quasicrystals and demonstrate the results of detailed studies of the photonic properties of these structures. Here, we present the first direct experimental observation of intrinsic light localization in defect-free quasicrysta…
We investigate the optical properties of a photonic crystal composed of a quasi-one-dimensional flat-band lattice array through finite-difference time-domain simulations. The photonic bands contain flat bands (FBs) at specific frequencies, which correspond to compact localized states as a consequence of destructive interference. The FBs are shown to be nondispersive along the $Γ\rightarrow X$ line, but dispersive along the $Γ\rightarrow Y$ line. The FB localization of light in a single direction only results in a self-collimation of light propagation throughout the photonic crystal at the FB f…
General principles for the existence of perfect transmission resonances in photonic multilayer structures are formulated in terms of light interference described by recurrent Airy formulas. Mirror symmetry in the multilayer is shown to be a sufficient but not necessary condition for perfect transmission resonances. Asymmetric structures displaying perfect transmission in accordance with the proposed principles are demonstrated. A hybrid Fabry-Perot/photonic-crystal structure of the type (BA)^k(AB)^k(AABB)^m is proposed, combining perfect transmission and highly asymmetric electric field locali…
The role of a prominent photonic bandgap (PBG) on the phenomenon of transverse localization of light in a semi-infinite lossless waveguide lattice consisting of evanescently coupled disordered one-dimensional optical waveguides has been investigated numerically. The interplay between the underlying photonic bandgap due to inherent periodicity of the optical system and various levels of deliberately induced transverse disorder in its refractive index periodicity has been studied. We show that the PBG indeed plays an important role and its simultaneous presence could catalyze realization of loca…
We investigate numerically the effect of long-range interaction on the transverse localization of light. To this end, nonlinear zigzag optical waveguide lattices are applied, which allows precise tuning of the second-order coupling. We find that localization is hindered by coupling between next-nearest lattice sites. Additionally, (focusing) nonlinearity facilitates localization with increasing disorder, as long as the nonlinearity is sufficiently weak. However, for strong nonlinearities, increasing disorder results in weaker localization. The threshold nonlinearity, above which this anomalous…
We investigate experimentally the light evolution inside a two-dimensional finite periodic array of weakly- coupled optical waveguides with a disordered boundary. For a completely localized initial condition away from the surface, we find that the disordered boundary induces an asymptotic localization in the bulk, centered around the initial position of the input beam.
Structured materials like photonic crystals require for optimal use a high precision both on position and optical characteristics of the components which they are made of. Here, we present a simple tomographic algorithm, based on a specific Green's function together with a first-order Born approximation, which enables us to localize and characterize identical defects in finite-size photonic crystals. This algorithm is proposed as a first step to the monitoring of such materials. Illustrative numerical results show in particular some possibility of focalization beyond the Rayleigh criterion.
Anderson localization is a ubiquitous interference phenomenon in which waves fail to propagate in a disordered medium. Unlike in a classical resonator, satisfying the favorable condition for the interference in a disordered medium is truly a statistical problem in physics. Recent progress in realizing Anderson localization is mainly limited to the iterative method for optimizing the disordered medium. Availability of an in-situ, active control for optimization surely paves the way of realizing the Anderson localization and its applications. In this letter, we have proposed an electro-optic con…
Localization landscape of optical waves in multifractal photonic membranes
本文利用局域化景观理论预测多分形无序系统中的光波局域化模式，并在氮化硅纳米穿孔光子膜上实验验证，为设计增强光-物质相互作用的无序结构提供了新策略。
Spectral localization of single-nanoparticle plasmons through photonic substrate engineering
本文提出通过光子衬底工程调控光学路径，实现单纳米颗粒等离激元的强谱域局域化，模拟显示可减小模式体积五倍并提升品质因子超80倍，实验验证了主动操控能力。
We investigated on the interface modes in a heterostructure consisting of a semi-infinite metallic layer and a semi-infinite Fibonacci quasi-periodic structure. Various properties of the interface modes, such as their spatial localizations, self-similarities, and multifractal properties are studied. The interface modes decay exponentially in different ways and the modes in the lower stable gap possess highest spatial localization. A localization index is introduced to understand the localization properties of the interface modes. We found that the localization index of the interface modes in t…
In this paper we present a systematic study of photonic bandgap engineering using aperiodic lattices (ALs). Up to now ALs have tended to be defined by specific formulae (e.g. Fibonacci, Cantor), and theories have neglected other useful ALs along with the vast majority of non-useful (random) ALs. Here, we present a practical and efficient Fourier space-based general theory to identify all those ALs having useful band properties, which are characterized by well-defined Fourier (i.e. lattice momentum) components. Direct control of field localization comes via control of the Parseval strength comp…
Directional transport and nonlinear localization of light in a one-dimensional driven-dissipative photonic lattice
本研究利用相位可控相干场共振驱动耦合微谐振器构成的一维光子晶格，实现光开关、定向传输及位点局域化，证实驱动功率可作为调谐参数实现线性区不可达频率的非线性局域化，为复杂能带晶格的光调控提供新方向。
Loss-difference-induced localization in a non-Hermitian honeycomb photonic lattice
本研究在相干制备原子系统的可瞬时重构非厄米蜂窝光子晶格中，通过光学调制引入子晶格吸收差使狄拉克点延展为局域平带，实现了光在弱吸收晶格的局域化，为光子结构可调局域平带设计提供了新途径。
Detailed two dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations and numerical calculations of electron density profiles, based on a simplified model, were performed to show for the first time that underdense plasma, induced by two pairs of counterpropagating femtosecond-laser pulses in a gas, could be manipulated by ponderomotive-optical lattices to form periodic structures. These novel phenomena facilitate the localization and enhancement of the generating laser pulse intensities by the self-induced plasma photonic lattices (PPLs) and exhibit unique spatiotemporal dynamics. Variation of the initi…
Observation of localization of light in photonic quasicrystals of diverse symmetries
本研究利用干涉平面波创建不同旋转对称性的二维光子准晶体，实验证实了光在纯线性准晶体中的局域化现象，并发现临界深度随对称性阶数增加而减小，为非周期系统波局域化应用铺平道路。
We perform a comparative study of the Anderson localization of light beams in disordered layered photonic nanostructures that, in the limit of periodic layer distribution, possess either a Dirac point or a Bragg gap in the spectrum of the wavevectors. In particular, we demonstrate that the localization length of the Anderson modes increases when the width of the Bragg gap decreases, such that in the vanishingly small bandgap limit, namely when a Dirac point is formed, even extremely high levels of disorders are unable to localize the optical modes located near the Dirac point. A comparative an…
Dynamics of Light Localization via Coherent Control: The Interplay of Transmission, Absorption and Disorder in Photonic Crystals
本研究利用相干控制动态调节含缺陷层光子晶体的吸收与折射率，通过传输矩阵方法揭示了带隙与带边处不同的光局域化机制，发现无序会削弱带隙局域化但增强带边局域化，为设计可重构光学器件提供了理论框架。
Broadband temporal localization and delocalized temporal edge states in time photonic crystals
研究揭示了材料诱导非厄米特性与时间光子晶体内在非厄米特动力学的相互作用，通过双各向异性电磁响应实现时间本征态和边缘态的宽带定位与非局域化控制。
Nonlinear propagation experiments in GaAs photonic crystal waveguides (PCW) were performed, which exhibit a large enhancement of third order nonlinearities, due to light propagation in a slow mode regime, such as two-photon absorption (TPA), optical Kerr effect and refractive index changes due to TPA generated free-carriers. A theoretical model has been established that shows very good quantitative agreement with experimental data and demonstrates the important role that group velocity plays. These observations give a strong insight into the use of PCWs for optical switching devices.
We report on the experimental observation of reduced light energy transport and disorder-induced localization close to a boundary of a truncated one-dimensional (1D) disordered photonic lattice. Our observations uncover that near the boundary a higher level of disorder is required to obtain similar localization than in the bulk.
We control the diffusion of light in a disordered photonic waveguide by modulating the waveguide geometry. In a single waveguide of varying cross-section, the diffusion coefficient changes spatially in two dimensions due to localization effects. The intensity distribution inside the waveguide agrees to the prediction of the self-consistent theory of localization. Our work shows that wave diffusion can be efficiently manipulated without modifying the structural disorder.
We introduce a photonic crystal ring cavity that resembles an internal gear and unites photonic crystal (PhC) and whispering gallery mode (WGM) concepts. This `microgear' photonic crystal ring (MPhCR) is created by applying a periodic modulation to the inside boundary of a microring resonator to open a large bandgap, as in a PhC cavity, while maintaining the ring's circularly symmetric outside boundary and high quality factor ($Q$), as in a WGM cavity. The MPhCR targets a specific WGM to open a large PhC bandgap up to tens of free spectral ranges, compressing the mode spectrum while maintainin…
Moire lattices consist of two identical periodic structures overlaid with a relative rotation angle. Present even in everyday life, moire lattices have been also produced, e.g., with coupled graphene-hexagonal boron nitride monolayers, graphene-graphene layers, and layers on a silicon carbide surface.A fundamental question that remains unexplored is the evolution of waves in the potentials defined by the moire lattices. Here we experimentally create two-dimensional photonic moire lattices, which, unlike their material predecessors, have readily controllable parameters and symmetry allowing to …
We demonstrate experimentally that structural perturbations imposed on highly-dispersive photonic crystal-based waveguides give rise to spectral features that bear signatures of Anderson localization. Sharp resonances with the effective Qs of over 30,000 are found in scattering spectra of disordered waveguides. The resonances are observed in a ~20-nm bandwidth centered at the cutoff of slowly-guided Bloch-modes. Their origin can be explained with interference of coherently scattered electromagnetic waves which results in the formation of a narrow impurity (or localization) band populated with …
Light localization and intensity enhancement in a woodpile layer-by-layer photonic crystal, whose interlayer distance along the propagation direction is gradually varied, has been theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated. The phenomenon is shown to be related to the progressive slowing down and stopping of the incoming wave, as a result of the gradual variation of the local dispersion. The light localization is chromatically resolved, since every frequency component is stopped and reflected back at different spatial positions. It has been further discussed that the peculiar rela…
Demonstration of Photonics-based D-band Integrated Localization and Communication
本研究演示了一种基于光子学的D波段通信系统，实现了1.5米距离下5 Gbps通信速率与小于3毫米定位分辨率，验证了太赫兹集成感知与通信在6G网络中的可行性。
Traceability to the International System of Units (SI) is fundamental to measurement accuracy and reliability. In this study, we demonstrate subnanometer traceability of localization microscopy, establishing a metrological foundation for the maturation and application of super-resolution methods. To do so, we create a master standard by measuring the positions of submicrometer apertures in an array by traceable atomic-force microscopy. We perform correlative measurements of this master standard by optical microscopy, calibrating scale factor and correcting aberration effects. We introduce the …
Localization-delocalization Transition in an electromagnetically induced photonic lattice
提出基于EIT的原子三脚架方案构建可调光子莫尔晶格，通过扭转角和图案振幅调控，实现非周期晶格中光的局域化–退局域化转变。
We study dynamical reshaping of polychromatic beams due to collective nonlinear self-action of multiple-frequency components in periodic photonic lattices and predict the formation of polychromatic discrete solitons facilitated by localization of light in spectral gaps. We show that the self-trapping efficiency and structure of emerging polychromatic gap solitons depends on the spectrum of input beams due to the lattice-enhanced dispersion, including the effect of crossover from localization to diffraction in media with defocusing nonlinearity.
Anomalous localization of light in one-dimensional Lévy photonic lattices
本研究通过制造非均匀散射的光子晶格，发现光的局域化遵循伸缩指数函数，揭示了非均匀系统中光的异常局域化现象。
Residual disorder due to fabrication imperfections has important impact in nanophotonics where it may degrade device performance by increasing radiation loss or spontaneously trap light by Anderson localization. We propose and demonstrate experimentally a method of quantifying the intrinsic amount of disorder in state-of-the-art photonic-crystal waveguides from far-field measurements of the Anderson-localized modes. This is achieved by comparing the spectral range that Anderson localization is observed to numerical simulations and the method offers sensitivity down to ~ 1 nm.
Broadband localization of light at the termination of a topological photonic waveguide
本文实验证明在拓扑光子波导的设计终端处，通过近保持谷自由度抑制背向散射，可在不破坏时间反演对称性的情况下实现宽带光局域增强。
We predict a generic mechanism of wave localization at an interface between uniform gauge fields, arising due to propagation-dependent phase accumulation similar to Aharonov-Bohm phenomenon. We realize experimentally a photonic mesh lattice with real-time control over the vector gauge field, and observe robust localization under a broad variation of gauge strength and direction, as well as structural lattice parameters. This suggests new possibilities for confining and guiding waves in diverse physical systems through the synthetic gauge fields.
Spectral Mixing, Skin Localization, and Linear Optical Response in Dissipative Photonic Lattices
研究有限耗散Hatano-Nelson光子晶格的线性光学响应，利用双正交格林函数分解响应，分析损耗、周期性边界光谱缠绕、 onsite无序对模式分布的影响，确定有限尺寸交叉点，适用于多种线性光子平台。
Polarization-independent deterministic mode localization in a photonic lantern
本文提出了一种全光纤、极化无关的相干模式重组方案，实现多模光子天线中高斯斑点的确定性定位，具有高效率和稳定性，适用于相干光束成形和空间定位应用。
Photonic bandgap engineering using aperiodic lattices (ALs) is systematically studied. Up to now ALs have tended to be defined by specific formulae (e.g. Fibonacci, Cantor), and theories have neglected other useful ALs along with the vast majority of non-useful (random) ALs. Here we present a practical and efficient Fourier space-based general theory, to identify all those ALs having useful band properties, which are characterized by well-defined Fourier (i.e. lattice momentum) components. Direct real-space optimization of ALs tends to be computationally demanding, and is also difficult to gen…
A right amount of disorder in the form of refractive index variation has been introduced to achieve transverse localization of light 1D semi-infinite photonic lattices. Presence of longitudinally-invariant transverse disorder opens-up a new waveguiding mechanism.
Photonic lattices have emerged as a promising approach to localize light in space, for example, through topologically protected edge states and Aharonov-Bohm caging. They are of particular importance in the study of flat band systems via the associated nondiffracting compact localized states. However, such states typically appear static, thus not allowing adaptive or evolutionary features of light localization. Here we report on the first experimental realization of an oscillating compact localized state (OCLS). We observe an oscillatory intensity beating during propagation in a two-dimensiona…
We propose a framework that unifies the description of light transport in three-dimensional amorphous dielectric materials that exhibit both localization and a photonic bandgap. To this end, we argue that coherent reflection near and in the bandgap attenuates the generation of diffuse or localized photons. Using the self-consistent theory of localization and considering the density of states of photons, we can quantitatively describe all transport regimes: Transparency, light diffusion, localization, and bandgap. Comparing the model with numerical data on optical transport in hyperuniform diel…
Non-linear-enabled localization in driven-dissipative photonic lattices
本文研究了在标准光学Kerr非线性存在下驱动-耗散光子晶格中的光子局域化，发现非线性效应能显著拓宽局域化的频率范围，并揭示了整体强度降低导致局域化通常不增强光学双稳态等非线性效应，仅在特定参数区域可实现增强。
The frequency correlations of light in complex photonic media are of interest as a tool for characterizing the dynamical aspects of light diffusion. We demonstrate here that the frequency correlation shows a pronounced angle dependence both in transmission and in reflection geometries. Using a broadband white light supercontinuum, this angle dependence is characterized and explained theoretically by a combination of propagation effects outside the medium and coherent backscattering. We report a strong dependence of the coherent backscattering contribution on the scattering strength which canno…
Anderson localization without eigenstates in photonic quantum walks
本研究针对含时驱动下安德森局域化易被破坏的问题，证明对硬币算符施加静态无序的离散时间光子量子行走中可观测无本征态局域化现象，且可推广至非厄米动力学。
The photonic modes mediated absorption dynamics at femtosecond time scales along with the control of spontaneous emission tunability are investigated all-dielectric optical microcavity having BaTiO3 (BTO) as defect layer. The cavity-enhanced transient absorption reveals the dominant excited state absorption (ESA) of both photonic and electronic modes due to strong third-order optical nonlinearity influence. Photoluminescence of BTO is found to be guided and tuned by the photonic cavity mode. Such active photonic structures can be envisaged as a potential candidate in nonlinear optics and photo…
The optical properties of photonic structures made with more than two materials are very interesting for optical filtering and lighting applications. Herein, we compared the transmission properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals made with three, four and five materials, showing that, with a photonic crystal made of t different materials, the band gap splits in t-1 bands. The same optical thickness for the different materials layers results in split photonic band gaps with the same intensity. Photonic crystals with more than two materials result in a simple structure that could be used fo…
Perfect, narrow-band absorption is achieved in an asymmetric 1D photonic crystal with a monolayer graphene defect. Thanks to the large third order nonlinearity of graphene and field localization in the defect layer we demonstrate the possibility to achieve controllable, saturable absorption for the pump frequency.
We review both theoretical and experimental advances in the recently emerged physics of modulated photonic lattices. Artificial periodic dielectric media, such as photonic crystals and photonic lattices, provide a powerful tool for the control of the fundamental properties of light propagation in photonic structures. Photonic lattices are arrays of coupled optical waveguides, where the light propagation becomes effectively discretized. Such photonic structures allow one to study many useful optical analogies with other fields, such as the physics of solid state and electron theory. In particul…
Optical isolation is a long pursued object with fundamental difficulty in integrated photonics. As a step towards this goal, we demonstrate the design, fabrication, and characterization of on-chip wavelength-scale optical diodes that are made from the heterojunction between two different silicon two-dimensional square-lattice photonic crystal slabs with directional bandgap mismatch and different mode transitions. The measured transmission spectra show considerable unidirectional transmission behavior, in good agreement with numerical simulations. The experimental realization of on-chip optical…
In this report we present an investigation of the optical properties and band structure calculations for the photonic structures based on the functional materials- ferroelectrics. A theoretical approach to the optical properties of the 2D and 3D photonic crystals which yields further insight in the phenomenon of the reflection from different families of lattice planes in relation to the presence of photonic gaps or photonic bands. We calculate the photonic bands and optical properties of LiNbO3 based photonic crystals. Calculations of reflection and transmission spectra show the features corre…
We propose a new type of bistable device for silicon photonics, using the self-electro-optic effect within an optical cavity. Since the bistability does not depend on the intrinsic optical nonlinearity of the material, but is instead engineered by means of an optoelectronic feedback, it appears at low optical powers. This bistable device satisfies all the basic criteria required in an optical switch to build a scalable digital optical computing system.
Using only electro-optic modulators, we generate a 41-line 10-GHz Gaussian-shaped optical frequency comb. We use this comb to demonstrate apodized microwave photonic filters with greater than 43-dB sidelobe suppression without the need for a pulse shaper.
Optical computing accelerators may help alleviate bandwidth and power consumption bottlenecks in electronics. We show an approach to implementing logarithmic-type analog co-processors in silicon photonics and use it to perform the exponentiation operation. The function is realized by exploiting nonlinear-absorption-enhanced Raman amplification saturation in a silicon waveguide.
Non-Hermitian control of localization in mosaic photonic lattices
本文研究马赛克光子晶格中非厄米调控局域化的问题，发现交替格点引入均匀损耗可抑制或增强波扩展，为无序系统中的波传输提供了一种简单的非厄米控制方法。
Anderson Localization in Photonic Time Crystals
本文研究光子时间晶体中的时间无序，证明折射率周期调制叠加时间无序可使电磁场在时域出现并指数衰减，从而实现时域安德森局域化。
We show how two-dimensional waveguide arrays can be used to probe the effect of on-site interaction on Anderson localization of two interacting bosons in one dimension. It is shown that classical light and linear elements are sufficient to experimentally probe the interplay between interaction and disorder in this setting. For experimental relevance, we evaluate the participation ratio and the intensity correlation function as measures of localization for two types of disorder (diagonal and off-diagonal), for two types of interaction (repulsive and attractive), and for a variety of initial inp…
The analogue of the paramagnetic to spin-glass phase transition in disordered magnetic systems, leading to the phenomenon of replica symmetry breaking, has been recently demonstrated in a two-dimensional random laser consisting of an organic-based amorphous solid-state thin film. We report here the first demonstration of replica symmetry breaking in a one-dimensional photonic system consisting of an erbium-doped random fiber laser operating in the continuous-wave regime based on a unique random fiber grating system, which plays the role of the random scatterers and operates in the Anderson loc…
We propose and study an efficient photonic CDE method using MZI-based coherent optical matrix multiplication. It improves the compensation performance by about 60% when the tap-length is limited, and only 50% taps of the theoretical value is needed for photonic CDE with 1-dB penalty.
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