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超新星喷出物与附近原行星盘的相互作用

Interaction of Supernova Ejecta with Nearby Protoplanetary Disks

N. Ouellette, S. J. Desch, J. J. Hester

摘要:

早期的太阳系包含短寿命的放射性核素,如60 Fe(t1/2 = 150万年),其最可能的来源是附近的超新星。以前的太阳系形成模型认为是超新星冲击引发了太阳新生分子云的崩溃。我们主张另一种假设,即太阳系的原行星盘已经形成时,一个非常接近(< 1 pc)的超新星注入放射性物质直接进入磁盘。我们进行了第一次数值模拟,旨在回答与这一假设有关的两个问题:盘会被这样一个近距离的超新星摧毁吗?我们的模拟表明,磁盘不吸收足够的动量从冲击逃脱原恒星,它是绑定。只有少量(< 1%)的质量损失发生,这是由于在圆盘顶部的开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性的剥离,这也混合到圆盘中约1%的拦截喷出物。这些破坏和喷射的低效率是由于盘的高压力阻止了喷出物在失速之前深入到盘中。气相喷射物的注入效率太低,与从陨石中推断出的放射性核素丰度不一致。另一方面,在陨石中发现的放射性核素会在超新星喷出物中凝结成尘埃颗粒,我们认为这些颗粒将以接近100%的效率直接注入磁盘。因此,短寿命放射性核素(如60 Fe)的陨石丰度与附近(< 1 pc)超新星喷出物凝聚的颗粒注入已经形成的原行星盘的情况一致。

英文摘要:

The early Solar System contained short-lived radionuclides such as 60Fe (t1/2 = 1.5 Myr) whose most likely source was a nearby supernova. Previous models of Solar System formation considered a supernova shock that triggered the collapse of the Sun's nascent molecular cloud. We advocate an alternative hypothesis, that the Solar System's protoplanetary disk had already formed when a very close (< 1 pc) supernova injected radioactive material directly into the disk. We conduct the first numerical simulations designed to answer two questions related to this hypothesis: will the disk be destroyed by such a close supernova; and will any of the ejecta be mixed into the disk? Our simulations demonstrate that the disk does not absorb enough momentum from the shock to escape the protostar to which it is bound. Only low amounts (< 1%) of mass loss occur, due to stripping by Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities across the top of the disk, which also mix into the disk about 1% of the intercepted ejecta. These low efficiencies of destruction and injectation are due to the fact that the high disk pressures prevent the ejecta from penetrating far into the disk before stalling. Injection of gas-phase ejecta is too inefficient to be consistent with the abundances of radionuclides inferred from meteorites. On the other hand, the radionuclides found in meteorites would have condensed into dust grains in the supernova ejecta, and we argue that such grains will be injected directly into the disk with nearly 100% efficiency. The meteoritic abundances of the short-lived radionuclides such as 60Fe therefore are consistent with injection of grains condensed from the ejecta of a nearby (< 1 pc) supernova, into an already-formed protoplanetary disk.

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