天体物理回旋动力学：磁化弱碰撞等离子体中的动力学和流体湍流级联
Astrophysical gyrokinetics: kinetic and fluid turbulent cascades in magnetized weakly collisional plasmas
摘要：
我们提出了一个天体物理等离子体（太阳风，星际介质，星系团，吸积盘）等离子体湍流的理论框架。关键假设是湍流相对于平均磁场是各向异性的，并且与离子回旋频率相比频率较低。在外尺度注入的能量必须转化为热量，这最终不能在没有碰撞的情况下完成。一个动力学级联的发展，使能量在空间和速度上都达到碰撞的尺度。它的性质取决于等离子体波动的物理学。在每一个物理上不同的尺度范围内，动力学问题被系统地简化为一组更容易处理的方程。在“惯性范围”以上的离子gyroscale，动力级联分裂成一个级联的阿尔文波动，这是由RMHD方程在碰撞和无碰撞的尺度，和被动级联的压缩波动，这服从一个线性动力学方程沿移动场线与阿尔文组件。在离子和电子gyroscale之间的“耗散范围”中，又有两个级联：由两个流体状电子RMHD方程和离子熵波动的被动相空间级联控制的动力学阿尔芬波（KAW）级联。后者级联带来的能量的惯性范围内的波动，阻尼碰撞波粒子相互作用在离子gyroscale碰撞尺度的相空间，并导致离子加热。KAW能量在电子陀螺仪上同样被阻尼，并转化为电子热。Kolmogorov式的标度关系推导出这些级联。详细讨论了天体物理和空间物理应用。
英文摘要：
We present a theoretical framework for plasma turbulence in astrophysical plasmas (solar wind, interstellar medium, galaxy clusters, accretion disks). The key assumptions are that the turbulence is anisotropic with respect to the mean magnetic field and frequencies are low compared to the ion cyclotron frequency. The energy injected at the outer scale scale has to be converted into heat, which ultimately cannot be done without collisions. A KINETIC CASCADE develops that brings the energy to collisional scales both in space and velocity. Its nature depends on the physics of plasma fluctuations. In each of the physically distinct scale ranges, the kinetic problem is systematically reduced to a more tractable set of equations. In the "inertial range" above the ion gyroscale, the kinetic cascade splits into a cascade of Alfvenic fluctuations, which are governed by the RMHD equations at both the collisional and collisionless scales, and a passive cascade of compressive fluctuations, which obey a linear kinetic equation along the moving field lines associated with the Alfvenic component. In the "dissipation range" between the ion and electron gyroscales, there are again two cascades: the kinetic-Alfven-wave (KAW) cascade governed by two fluid-like Electron RMHD equations and a passive phase-space cascade of ion entropy fluctuations. The latter cascade brings the energy of the inertial-range fluctuations that was damped by collisionless wave-particle interaction at the ion gyroscale to collisional scales in the phase space and leads to ion heating. The KAW energy is similarly damped at the electron gyroscale and converted into electron heat. Kolmogorov-style scaling relations are derived for these cascades. Astrophysical and space-physical applications are discussed in detail.
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