大模型对齐与安全

Post-hoc Reward Calibration: A Case Study on Length Bias

Zeyu Huang, Zihan Qiu, Zili Wang, Edoardo M. Ponti, Ivan Titov

机构 * University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学） ； Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团） ； INF Technology（INF技术） ； University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；RLHF(abstract)；分类 cs.CL、cs.AI

Comments ICLR 2025

When Autonomy Goes Rogue: Preparing for Risks of Multi-Agent Collusion in Social Systems

Qibing Ren, Sitao Xie, Longxuan Wei, Zhenfei Yin, Junchi Yan, Lizhuang Ma, Jing Shao

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；AI safety(abstract)；分类 cs.CL、cs.AI

Comments Code is available at https://github.com/renqibing/MultiAgent4Collusion

Distribution-Free Uncertainty-Aware Virtual Sensing via Conformalized Neural Operators

Kazuma Kobayashi, Shailesh Garg, Farid Ahmed, Souvik Chakraborty, Syed Bahauddin Alam

机构 * The Grainger College of Engineering, Nuclear, Plasma & Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校格雷格尔工程学院） ； National Center for Supercomputing Applications（国家超级计算应用中心） ； Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi（印度理工学院德里应用力学系） ； Yardi School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi（印度理工学院德里人工智能学院） ； University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；trustworthy(abstract)；分类 cs.AI、cs.LG

When Chain of Thought is Necessary, Language Models Struggle to Evade Monitors

Scott Emmons, Erik Jenner, David K. Elson, Rif A. Saurous, Senthooran Rajamanoharan, Heng Chen, Irhum Shafkat, Rohin Shah

机构 * Google（谷歌） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；AI safety(abstract)；分类 cs.CL、cs.AI

Autonomous Microscopy Experiments through Large Language Model Agents

Indrajeet Mandal, Jitendra Soni, Mohd Zaki, Morten M. Smedskjaer, Katrin Wondraczek, Lothar Wondraczek, Nitya Nand Gosvami, N. M. Anoop Krishnan

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；safety(abstract)；分类 cs.AI、cs.CY

Robot-Gated Interactive Imitation Learning with Adaptive Intervention Mechanism

Haoyuan Cai, Zhenghao Peng, Bolei Zhou

机构 * Computer Science Department, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)（加州大学洛杉矶分校计算机科学系） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；safety(abstract)；分类 cs.AI、cs.LG

Comments ICML 2025 Poster

Do you see what I see? An Ambiguous Optical Illusion Dataset exposing limitations of Explainable AI

Carina Newen, Luca Hinkamp, Maria Ntonti, Emmanuel Müller

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；safety(abstract)；分类 cs.AI、cs.LG

Comments 19 pages, 18 figures

Distributionally Robust Statistical Verification with Imprecise Neural Networks

Souradeep Dutta, Michele Caprio, Vivian Lin, Matthew Cleaveland, Kuk Jin Jang, Ivan Ruchkin, Oleg Sokolsky, Insup Lee

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；AI safety(abstract)；分类 cs.AI、cs.LG

Universal AI maximizes Variational Empowerment

Yusuke Hayashi, Koichi Takahashi

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；AI safety(abstract)；分类 cs.AI、cs.LG

Comments 9 pages, no figures

Relying on the Unreliable: The Impact of Language Models' Reluctance to Express Uncertainty

Kaitlyn Zhou, Jena D. Hwang, Xiang Ren, Maarten Sap

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；safety(abstract)；分类 cs.CL、cs.AI

Comments ACL 2024 (Camera Ready)

BeHonest: Benchmarking Honesty in Large Language Models

Steffi Chern, Zhulin Hu, Yuqing Yang, Ethan Chern, Yuan Guo, Jiahe Jin, Binjie Wang, Pengfei Liu

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；harmlessness(abstract)；分类 cs.CL、cs.AI

SyntaxShap: Syntax-aware Explainability Method for Text Generation

Kenza Amara, Rita Sevastjanova, Mennatallah El-Assady

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；safety(abstract)；分类 cs.CL、cs.AI

Comments Accepted to ACL 2024

HyperCLOVA X Technical Report

Kang Min Yoo, Jaegeun Han, Sookyo In, Heewon Jeon, Jisu Jeong, Jaewook Kang, Hyunwook Kim, Kyung-Min Kim, Munhyong Kim, Sungju Kim, Donghyun Kwak, Hanock Kwak, Se Jung Kwon, Bado Lee, Dongsoo Lee, Gichang Lee, Jooho Lee, Baeseong Park, Seongjin Shin, Joonsang Yu, Seolki Baek, Sumin Byeon, Eungsup Cho, Dooseok Choe, Jeesung Han, Youngkyun Jin, Hyein Jun, Jaeseung Jung, Chanwoong Kim, Jinhong Kim, Jinuk Kim, Dokyeong Lee, Dongwook Park, Jeong Min Sohn, Sujung Han, Jiae Heo, Sungju Hong, Mina Jeon, Hyunhoon Jung, Jungeun Jung, Wangkyo Jung, Chungjoon Kim, Hyeri Kim, Jonghyun Kim, Min Young Kim, Soeun Lee, Joonhee Park, Jieun Shin, Sojin Yang, Jungsoon Yoon, Hwaran Lee, Sanghwan Bae, Jeehwan Cha, Karl Gylleus, Donghoon Ham, Mihak Hong, Youngki Hong, Yunki Hong, Dahyun Jang, Hyojun Jeon, Yujin Jeon, Yeji Jeong, Myunggeun Ji, Yeguk Jin, Chansong Jo, Shinyoung Joo, Seunghwan Jung, Adrian Jungmyung Kim, Byoung Hoon Kim, Hyomin Kim, Jungwhan Kim, Minkyoung Kim, Minseung Kim, Sungdong Kim, Yonghee Kim, Youngjun Kim, Youngkwan Kim, Donghyeon Ko, Dughyun Lee, Ha Young Lee, Jaehong Lee, Jieun Lee, Jonghyun Lee, Jongjin Lee, Min Young Lee, Yehbin Lee, Taehong Min, Yuri Min, Kiyoon Moon, Hyangnam Oh, Jaesun Park, Kyuyon Park, Younghun Park, Hanbae Seo, Seunghyun Seo, Mihyun Sim, Gyubin Son, Matt Yeo, Kyung Hoon Yeom, Wonjoon Yoo, Myungin You, Doheon Ahn, Homin Ahn, Joohee Ahn, Seongmin Ahn, Chanwoo An, Hyeryun An, Junho An, Sang-Min An, Boram Byun, Eunbin Byun, Jongho Cha, Minji Chang, Seunggyu Chang, Haesong Cho, Youngdo Cho, Dalnim Choi, Daseul Choi, Hyoseok Choi, Minseong Choi, Sangho Choi, Seongjae Choi, Wooyong Choi, Sewhan Chun, Dong Young Go, Chiheon Ham, Danbi Han, Jaemin Han, Moonyoung Hong, Sung Bum Hong, Dong-Hyun Hwang, Seongchan Hwang, Jinbae Im, Hyuk Jin Jang, Jaehyung Jang, Jaeni Jang, Sihyeon Jang, Sungwon Jang, Joonha Jeon, Daun Jeong, Joonhyun Jeong, Kyeongseok Jeong, Mini Jeong, Sol Jin, Hanbyeol Jo, Hanju Jo, Minjung Jo, Chaeyoon Jung, Hyungsik Jung, Jaeuk Jung, Ju Hwan Jung, Kwangsun Jung, Seungjae Jung, Soonwon Ka, Donghan Kang, Soyoung Kang, Taeho Kil, Areum Kim, Beomyoung Kim, Byeongwook Kim, Daehee Kim, Dong-Gyun Kim, Donggook Kim, Donghyun Kim, Euna Kim, Eunchul Kim, Geewook Kim, Gyu Ri Kim, Hanbyul Kim, Heesu Kim, Isaac Kim, Jeonghoon Kim, Jihye Kim, Joonghoon Kim, Minjae Kim, Minsub Kim, Pil Hwan Kim, Sammy Kim, Seokhun Kim, Seonghyeon Kim, Soojin Kim, Soong Kim, Soyoon Kim, Sunyoung Kim, Taeho Kim, Wonho Kim, Yoonsik Kim, You Jin Kim, Yuri Kim, Beomseok Kwon, Ohsung Kwon, Yoo-Hwan Kwon, Anna Lee, Byungwook Lee, Changho Lee, Daun Lee, Dongjae Lee, Ha-Ram Lee, Hodong Lee, Hwiyeong Lee, Hyunmi Lee, Injae Lee, Jaeung Lee, Jeongsang Lee, Jisoo Lee, Jongsoo Lee, Joongjae Lee, Juhan Lee, Jung Hyun Lee, Junghoon Lee, Junwoo Lee, Se Yun Lee, Sujin Lee, Sungjae Lee, Sungwoo Lee, Wonjae Lee, Zoo Hyun Lee, Jong Kun Lim, Kun Lim, Taemin Lim, Nuri Na, Jeongyeon Nam, Kyeong-Min Nam, Yeonseog Noh, Biro Oh, Jung-Sik Oh, Solgil Oh, Yeontaek Oh, Boyoun Park, Cheonbok Park, Dongju Park, Hyeonjin Park, Hyun Tae Park, Hyunjung Park, Jihye Park, Jooseok Park, Junghwan Park, Jungsoo Park, Miru Park, Sang Hee Park, Seunghyun Park, Soyoung Park, Taerim Park, Wonkyeong Park, Hyunjoon Ryu, Jeonghun Ryu, Nahyeon Ryu, Soonshin Seo, Suk Min Seo, Yoonjeong Shim, Kyuyong Shin, Wonkwang Shin, Hyun Sim, Woongseob Sim, Hyejin Soh, Bokyong Son, Hyunjun Son, Seulah Son, Chi-Yun Song, Chiyoung Song, Ka Yeon Song, Minchul Song, Seungmin Song, Jisung Wang, Yonggoo Yeo, Myeong Yeon Yi, Moon Bin Yim, Taehwan Yoo, Youngjoon Yoo, Sungmin Yoon, Young Jin Yoon, Hangyeol Yu, Ui Seon Yu, Xingdong Zuo, Jeongin Bae, Joungeun Bae, Hyunsoo Cho, Seonghyun Cho, Yongjin Cho, Taekyoon Choi, Yera Choi, Jiwan Chung, Zhenghui Han, Byeongho Heo, Euisuk Hong, Taebaek Hwang, Seonyeol Im, Sumin Jegal, Sumin Jeon, Yelim Jeong, Yonghyun Jeong, Can Jiang, Juyong Jiang, Jiho Jin, Ara Jo, Younghyun Jo, Hoyoun Jung, Juyoung Jung, Seunghyeong Kang, Dae Hee Kim, Ginam Kim, Hangyeol Kim, Heeseung Kim, Hyojin Kim, Hyojun Kim, Hyun-Ah Kim, Jeehye Kim, Jin-Hwa Kim, Jiseon Kim, Jonghak Kim, Jung Yoon Kim, Rak Yeong Kim, Seongjin Kim, Seoyoon Kim, Sewon Kim, Sooyoung Kim, Sukyoung Kim, Taeyong Kim, Naeun Ko, Bonseung Koo, Heeyoung Kwak, Haena Kwon, Youngjin Kwon, Boram Lee, Bruce W. Lee, Dagyeong Lee, Erin Lee, Euijin Lee, Ha Gyeong Lee, Hyojin Lee, Hyunjeong Lee, Jeeyoon Lee, Jeonghyun Lee, Jongheok Lee, Joonhyung Lee, Junhyuk Lee, Mingu Lee, Nayeon Lee, Sangkyu Lee, Se Young Lee, Seulgi Lee, Seung Jin Lee, Suhyeon Lee, Yeonjae Lee, Yesol Lee, Youngbeom Lee, Yujin Lee, Shaodong Li, Tianyu Liu, Seong-Eun Moon, Taehong Moon, Max-Lasse Nihlenramstroem, Wonseok Oh, Yuri Oh, Hongbeen Park, Hyekyung Park, Jaeho Park, Nohil Park, Sangjin Park, Jiwon Ryu, Miru Ryu, Simo Ryu, Ahreum Seo, Hee Seo, Kangdeok Seo, Jamin Shin, Seungyoun Shin, Heetae Sin, Jiangping Wang, Lei Wang, Ning Xiang, Longxiang Xiao, Jing Xu, Seonyeong Yi, Haanju Yoo, Haneul Yoo, Hwanhee Yoo, Liang Yu, Youngjae Yu, Weijie Yuan, Bo Zeng, Qian Zhou, Kyunghyun Cho, Jung-Woo Ha, Joonsuk Park, Jihyun Hwang, Hyoung Jo Kwon, Soonyong Kwon, Jungyeon Lee, Seungho Lee, Seonghyeon Lim, Hyunkyung Noh, Seungho Choi, Sang-Woo Lee, Jung Hwa Lim, Nako Sung

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；harmlessness(abstract)；分类 cs.CL、cs.AI

Comments 44 pages; updated authors list and fixed author names

Proximity-Informed Calibration for Deep Neural Networks

Miao Xiong, Ailin Deng, Pang Wei Koh, Jiaying Wu, Shen Li, Jianqing Xu, Bryan Hooi

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；trustworthy(abstract)；分类 cs.AI、cs.LG

Comments The paper is accepted by NeurIPS 2023. The code is available at: https://github.com/MiaoXiong2320/ProximityBias-Calibration

Inadequacy of common stochastic neural networks for reliable clinical decision support

Adrian Lindenmeyer, Malte Blattmann, Stefan Franke, Thomas Neumuth, Daniel Schneider

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；trustworthy(abstract)；分类 cs.AI、cs.LG

Comments Keywords: probabilistic inference, uncertainty estimation, uncertainty quantification, epistemic uncertainty, clinical prognosis, electronic health records

Forecasting AI Progress: A Research Agenda

Ross Gruetzemacher, Florian Dorner, Niko Bernaola-Alvarez, Charlie Giattino, David Manheim

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；AI safety(abstract)；分类 cs.AI、cs.CY

Comments 40 pages including Appendices, 1 figure, 5 tables

Evaluating Prompt Engineering Techniques for Accuracy and Confidence Elicitation in Medical LLMs

Nariman Naderi, Zahra Atf, Peter R Lewis, Aref Mahjoub far, Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini, Ali Soroush

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；分类 cs.CL、cs.AI、cs.CY；trustworthy(comments)

Comments This paper was accepted for presentation at the 7th International Workshop on EXplainable, Trustworthy, and Responsible AI and Multi-Agent Systems (EXTRAAMAS 2025). Workshop website: https://extraamas.ehealth.hevs.ch/index.html

See Fair, Speak Truth: Equitable Attention Improves Grounding and Reduces Hallucination in Vision-Language Alignment

看清真相：公平关注提升 groundedness 并减少 hallucination 在视觉语言对齐中

Mohammad Anas Azeez, Ankan Deria, Zohaib Hasan Siddiqui, Adinath Madhavrao Dukre, Rafiq Ali, Sara Atito, Yutong Xie, Imran Razzak

机构 * Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学，阿布扎比，阿联酋） ； King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia（法赫德国王石油矿产大学，达兰，沙特阿拉伯） ； Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia（麦考瑞大学，悉尼，澳大利亚） ； University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom（萨里大学，吉尔福德，英国） ； University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia（新南威尔士大学，悉尼，澳大利亚） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(title)

AI总结 本文提出DOP-OBC方法，通过公平分配注意力减少视觉语言对齐中的幻觉问题，提升生成的准确性与一致性。

Scalpel: Fine-Grained Alignment of Attention Activation Manifolds via Mixture Gaussian Bridges to Mitigate Multimodal Hallucination

Scalpel: 通过混合高斯桥梁实现细粒度注意力激活流形对齐以缓解多模态幻觉

Ziqiang Shi, Rujie Liu, Shanshan Yu, Satoshi Munakata, Koichi Shirahata

机构 * Fujitsu Research & Development Center Co.,LTD.（Fujitsu 研究与开发中心有限公司） ； Fujitsu Limited（Fujitsu 有限公司） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(title)

AI总结 Scalpel通过高斯混合模型和熵最优传输减少多模态幻觉，实现注意力激活流形的细粒度对齐，提升视觉-语言模型的输出一致性。

Comments WACV 2026 (It was accepted in the first round, with an acceptance rate of 6%.)

Multi-Agent Path Finding Among Dynamic Uncontrollable Agents with Statistical Safety Guarantees

Kegan J. Strawn, Thomy Phan, Eric Wang, Nora Ayanian, Sven Koenig, Lars Lindemann

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(title)

Comments 9 pages, 4 figures

Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation with Uncertainty Alignment for Robotic Scene Understanding in Indoor Building Environments

Yifan Xu, Vineet Kamat, Carol Menassa

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(title)

Comments 32 pages, 7 figures

A multi-layer model for long-term KPI alignment forecasts for the air transportation system

Luis Delgado, Gerald Gurtner, Andrew Cook, Samuel Cristobal, Jorge Martin

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(title)

Journal ref Journal of Air Transport Management 89 (2020) 101905

Inference-Based Strategy Alignment for General-Sum Differential Games

Lasse Peters, David Fridovich-Keil, Claire J. Tomlin, Zachary N. Sunberg

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(title)

Trust Stack for Mental Health AI: A Survey of Calibration across Human, Interaction, and AI Layers

对心理健康支持中的人机交互信任进行对齐：多利益相关者的调查与立场

Xin Sun, Yue Su, Yifan Mo, Qingyu Meng, Yuxuan Li, Min Chen, Mengyuan Zhang, Saku Sugawara, Charlotte Gerritsen, Sander L. Koole, Koen Hindriks, Jiahuan Pei

机构 * National Institute of Informatics (NII)（日本国立信息学研究所） ； Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹自由大学） ； University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；trustworthy(abstract)；分类 cs.CL

AI总结 本文提出三层信任框架，整合关键利益相关者观点，系统回顾心理健康领域AI研究，指出NLP与实际需求间的差距，提出构建社会技术一致且真实可信的AI研究方向。

MMD-Flagger: Leveraging Maximum Mean Discrepancy to Detect Hallucinations

MMD-Flagger：利用最大均值差异检测幻觉

Kensuke Mitsuzawa, Damien Garreau

机构 * Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LJAD, France（法国埃克塞特大学、法国国家科学研究中心、LJAD研究所） ； Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science (CAIDAS)（人工智能与数据科学中心） ； Julius-Maximilans-Universität Würzburg, Germany（德国维尔茨堡约利乌斯-马克斯米利安大学） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；trustworthy(abstract)；分类 cs.CL

AI总结 针对智能体AI系统中大型语言模型的幻觉问题，提出基于最大均值差异（MMD）的MMD-Flagger方法，通过监控不同解码温度下的输出轨迹检测幻觉，在MUCH基准上用Llama-3、Gemma-3模型完成评估。

Mitigating Visual Hallucinations in Multimodal Systems through Retrieval-Augmented Reliability-Aware Inference

通过检索增强的可靠性感知推理缓解多模态系统中的视觉幻觉

Pratheswaran Hariharan, Haiping Xu, Donghui Yan

机构 * University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth（马萨诸塞大学达特茅斯分校） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；trustworthy(abstract)；分类 cs.AI

AI总结 提出一种检索增强的可靠性感知推理框架，利用外部视觉证据库和多个可靠性指标进行决策门控，在不重训练模型的情况下减少视觉幻觉，将接受预测准确率从85.84%提升至88.88%。

Comments 29 pages, 9 figures

On the Generalization of Steering Vectors for Chain-of-Thought Faithfulness

论用于思维链忠实性的引导向量的泛化性

Matthew Nguyen, Kyle Cox, Austin Meek, Iván Arcuschin

机构 * University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学） ； University of Delaware（特拉华大学） ； Poseidon Research（波塞冬研究院） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；AI safety(abstract)；分类 cs.AI

AI总结 该研究针对三个模型探究提升思维链忠实性的引导向量的泛化性，发现其效果主要由评估设置决定，且仅对最大型模型有效，引导可减少未被确认的提示使用。

Prescriptive Artificial Intelligence: A Formal Paradigm for Auditing Human Decisions Under Uncertainty

规范性人工智能：一种用于在不确定性下审计人类决策的正式范式

Pedro Passos

机构 * Institute of Computing, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)（联邦弗鲁米嫩塞大学计算研究所） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；safety(abstract)；分类 cs.AI

AI总结 本文提出规范性人工智能作为高风险环境下的人类-人工智能决策协作范式，通过四个公理证明了其与预测系统的核心区别，并展示了在决策模仿中系统性偏差的限制。

Comments Preprint; suitable for AI, decision sciences, and prescriptive analytics. Short versions published in Wharton Sports Analytics Journal Fall 2025 (AI Feature Spotlight) and accepted to AAAI Bridge on LM Reasoning 2026

PCS-UQ: Uncertainty Quantification via the Predictability-Computability-Stability Framework

PCS-UQ：基于可预测性-可计算性-稳定性框架的不确定性量化

Abhineet Agarwal, Fange Xiao, Rebecca Barter, Omer Ronen, Boyu Fan, Bin Yu

机构 * Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校统计学系） ； Department of Epidemiology, University of Utah（犹他大学流行病学系） ； Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校电气工程与计算机科学系） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：safety(abstract)；trustworthy(abstract)；分类 cs.LG

AI总结 提出PCS-UQ框架，通过预测检查、bootstrap采样和乘法校准实现不确定性量化，在回归和分类任务中优于或媲美共形预测方法，并提供理论保证。

Protective Capacity Hallucination: When Large Language Models Claim Nonexistent Capabilities

保护能力幻觉：当大语言模型声称具备不存在的能力时

Eunna Lee, Jungpyo Nam, Sunjun Hwang

机构 * Korea Cyber University（韩国网络大学） ； Yonsei University（延世大学） 纠错

专题命中 幻觉与事实性 ：alignment(abstract)；safety(abstract)；分类 cs.AI

AI总结 研究大语言模型的保护能力幻觉现象，通过三阶段研究发现其受情境严重程度和交互形式影响，体现了角色分配与能力边界规范的差距，提出能力边界的部署端规范是缓解该问题的目标。