超光速时代与超光性
Tunneling Times and Superluminality: a Tutorial
摘要：
实验表明，单个光子以远大于真空光速的有效群速度穿透光学隧道势垒。实验是用双光子参量下转换光源进行的，该光源产生相关但随机的光子对发射。给定的一对光子中的两个光子以稍微不同的方向发射，使得一个光子穿过隧道势垒，而另一个光子穿过真空。在Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉仪中，通过调节两个光子的光程差，测量了隧穿光子相对于其孪生光子的时间延迟，实现了符合探测。我们发现光子穿过势垒的渡越时间小于真空中等距离的双光子的渡越时间，这表明量子力学中的隧穿过程是超光速的。各种相互矛盾的隧道时间的理论与实验进行了比较。
英文摘要：
Experiments have shown that individual photons penetrate an optical tunnel barrier with an effective group velocity considerably greater than the vacuum speed of light. The experiments were conducted with a two-photon parametric down-conversion light source, which produced correlated, but random, emissions of photon pairs. The two photons of a given pair were emitted in slightly different directions so that one photon passed through the tunnel barrier, while the other photon passed through the vacuum. The time delay for the tunneling photon relative to its twin was measured by adjusting the path length difference between the two photons in a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer, in order to achieve coincidence detection. We found that the photon transit time through the barrier was smaller than the twin photon's transit time through an equal distance in vacuum, indicating that the process of tunneling in quantum mechanics is superluminal. Various conflicting theories of tunneling times are compared with experiment.
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