Using microscopic models in which both photons and excitons are treated as microscopic degrees of freedom, we discuss polaritons of two cases: One is the case when excitonic parameters are time dependent. The time dependence causes creation of polaritons from a "false vacuum." % We present the creation spectra of both % the lower- and upper-branch polaritons. It is shown that both the creation sepctra and the creation efficiency are much different from the results of the previous studies. The other is polaritons in absorptive and inhomogeneous cavities. A polariton in such a system cannot be viewed as a back and forth oscillation between a photon state and an exciton state.
In this paper, we examine the modification of specific nonclassical properties of the nonlinear coherent state on sphere upon perpendicular propagation through an absorptive and dispersive dielectric slab at finite temperature. For this purpose, by describing the dielectric dispersion of the slab by Lorentz model, the quadrature squeezing and the Mandel parameter are evaluated for the transmitted state. A generalization of single-mode nonlinear coherent state to the continuum-mode is considered. The degree of second-order coherence is instead calculated for a continuum nonlinear coherent state…
An efficient technique to produce a periodic sequence of ultrashort pulses of recoilless gamma-radiation via its transmission through the optically thick vibrating resonant absorber was demonstrated recently [Nature, 508, 80 (2014)]. In this work we extend the theoretical analysis to the case of a set of multiple absorbers. We consider an analytical model describing the control of spectral content of a frequency modulated gamma-radiation by selective correction of amplitudes and initial phases of some spectral components, using, respectively, the resonant absorption or dispersion of nuclei. On…
The microscopic theory of the Casimir effect in the dielectric is studied in the framework when absorption is realized via a reservoir modeled by a set of oscillators with continuously distributed frquencies with the aim to see if the effects depend on the form of interaction with the reservoir. A simple case of the one-dimensional dielectric between two metallic plates is considered. Two possible models are investigated, the direct interaction of the electromagnetic field with the reservoir and indirect interaction via an intermediate oscillator imitating the atom. It is found that with the s…
We derive effective photon modes that facilitate an intuitive and convenient picture of photon dynamics in a structured Kramers-Kronig dielectric in the limit of weak absorption. Each mode is associated with an effective line-width which determines the temporal decay rate of the photon. These results are then applied to obtain an expression for the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law absorption coefficient for unidirectional propagation in structured media consisting of dispersive, weakly absorptive dielectric materials.
Nonlinear and nonlocal effects are discussed in the interaction of laser fields with thermal Rydberg atoms in electromagnetically induced transparency configuration. We show that under the crucial approximation that the time variation in the dipole-dipole interactions due to atomic motions can be neglected in an ensemble average, an analytical form can be obtained for the nonlocal nonlinear atomic response of the thermal medium, and study it for different parameter cases. We further propose a generalized model to describe the modulational instability (MI) in absorptive nonlinear media, in orde…
We analyze theoretically the measurement of the mean output work and its fluctuations in a recently proposed optomechanical quantum heat engine [K. Zhang {\it et al.} Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf112}, 150602 (2014)]. After showing that this work can be evaluated by a continuous measurements of the intracavity photon number we discuss both dispersive and absorptive measurement schemes and analyze their back-action effects on the efficiency of the engine. Both measurements are found to reduce the efficiency of the engine, but their back-action is both qualitatively and quantitatively different. For dis…
Using the Green function approach to the problem of quantization of the phenomenological Maxwell theory, the propagation of quantized radiation through dispersive and absorptive multilayer dielectric plates is studied. Input--output relations are derived, with special emphasis on the determination of the quantum noise generators associated with the absorption of radiation inside the dielectric matter. The input--output relations are used to express arbitrary correlation functions of the outgoing field in terms of correlation functions of the incoming field and those of the noise generators. To…
We calculate the steady-state and first-order time varying atom-field correlation functions in the weak-excitation limit of absorptive optical bistability from a linearized theory of quantum fluctuations. We formulate a Fokker-Planck equation in the positive P representation following the phase-space analysis of [H. J. Carmichael, Phys. Rev. A 33, 3262 (1986)] which is suitable for the determination of cross-correlations as it does not resort to adiabatic elimination. Special emphasis is placed on the limit of collective strong coupling as attained from a vanishing photon-loss rate. We compare…
The angular momentum density and flux of light in a dispersive, rotationally symmetric medium are derived from Noether's theorem. Optical angular momentum in a dispersive medium has no simple relation to optical linear momentum, even if the medium is homogeneous. A circularly polarized monochromatic beam in a homogeneous, dispersive medium carries a spin angular momentum of $\pm\hbar$ per energy $\hbarω$, as in vacuum. This result demonstrates the non-trivial interplay of dispersive contributions to optical angular momentum and energy.
Within the framework of a phenomenological quantization scheme, we present the quantization of the electromagnetic field in the presence of a moving absorptive and dispersive magneto-dielectric slab (MDS) with uniform velocity in the direction parallel to its interface. We derive the quantum input-output relations for the case that quantum states propagate perpendicularly to the moving MDS.We thoroughly investigate the impact of the motion of the movingMDS on quantum properties of the incident states. To illustrate this, by modeling the dispersive and dissipative effects of the slab by the Lor…
We experimentally demonstrate the elementary case of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with a single atom inside an optical cavity probed by a weak field. We observe the modification of the dispersive and absorptive properties of the atom by changing the frequency of a control light field. Moreover, a strong cooling effect has been observed at two-photon resonance, increasing the storage time of our atoms twenty-fold to about 16 seconds. Our result points towards all-optical switching with single photons.
We present a rigorous and quantum-consistent description of dispersive non-Hermitian optical bilayers in the framework of the canonical quantization scheme. Then we investigate the propagation of a normally incident squeezed coherent state of light through such media, particularly at a frequency for which the bilayers become parity-time (PT) symmetric. Furthermore, to check the realization of PT-symmetry in quantum optics, we reveal how dispersion and loss/gain-induced noises and thermal effects in such bilayers can affect quantum features of the incident light, such as squeezing and sub-Poiss…
We build up a consistent theory of quantum electrodynamics in the presence of macroscopic polarizable media. We use the Huttner-Barnett model of a dispersive and absorbing dielectric medium and formulate the theory in terms of interacting quantum fields. We integrate out the damped polaritons by using diagrammatic techniques and find an exact expression for the displacement field (photon) propagator in the presence of a dispersive and absorbing dielectric half-space. This opens a new route to traceable perturbative calculations of the same kind as in free-space quantum electrodynamics. As a wo…
We present a theoretical study of optomechanical systems in which the mechanical resonator modulates both the resonant frequency (dispersive coupling) and the decay rates (dissipative coupling) of the optical cavity. We extend the generic dispersive framework to a more general case in which the dissipative coupling is split between its external and intrinsic contribution. We report a complete analysis of the influence of each kind of optical losses (intrinsic and external) on the three coupling mechanisms and highlight the interest of each external decay rate regime. The basic tools to experim…
Achieving strong coupling between light and matter excitations in hybrid systems is a benchmark for the implementation of quantum technologies. We recently proposed [arXiv:2110.02984] that strong single-particle coupling between magnons and light can be realized in a magnetized epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) medium, in which magneto-optical effects are enhanced. Here we present a detailed derivation of the magnon-photon coupling Hamiltonian in dispersive media both for degenerate and non-degenerate optical modes, and show the enhancement of the coupling near the ENZ frequency. Moreover, we show that …
We demonstrate the non-dispersive deflection of an optical beam in a Stern-Gerlach magnetic field. An optical pulse is initially stored as a spin-wave coherence in thermal rubidium vapour. An inhomogeneous magnetic field imprints a phase gradient onto the spin wave, which upon reacceleration of the optical pulse leads to an angular deflection of the retrieved beam. We show that the obtained beam deflection is non-dispersive, i.e. its magnitude is independent of the incident optical frequency. Compared to a Stern-Gerlach experiment carried out with propagating light under the conditions of elec…
Electro-optical sampling has been recently used to perform spectrally-resolved measurements of electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations. In order to understand which information on the ground state of an interacting system can be acquired thanks to this technique, in this paper we will develop the quantum theory of electro-optical sampling in arbitrary dispersive dielectrics. Our theory shows that a measure of the time correlations of the vacuum fluctuations effectively implements an ellipsometry measurement on the quantum vacuum, allowing to access the frequency-dependent dielectric function. We d…
We theoretically study quadrature and polarization squeezing in dispersive optical bistability through a vectorial Kerr cavity model describing a nonlinear cavity filled with an isotropic chi(3) medium in which self-phase and cross-phase modulation, as well as four--wave mixing, occur. We derive expressions for the quantum fluctuations of the output field quadratures as a function of which we express the spectrum of fluctuations of the output field Stokes parameters. We pay particular attention to study how the bifurcations affecting the non-null linearly polarized output mode squeezes the ort…
We propose a high-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol that employs temporal correlations of entangled photons. The security of the protocol relies on measurements by Alice and Bob in one of two conjugate bases, implemented using dispersive optics. We show that this dispersion-based approach is secure against general coherent attacks. The protocol is additionally compatible with standard fiber telecommunications channels and wavelength division multiplexers. We offer multiple implementations to enhance the transmission rate and describe a heralded qudit source that is easy to im…
We complement previous studies of an ion coupled with an optical cavity in the dispersive regime, for a model which exhibits bistability of different configurations in the semiclassical description. Our approach is based on a truncated evolution in phase space and is intended to explore an especially interesting parameter region where the fully quantum-mechanical solution becomes hard but the crudest semiclassical approach fails to capture essential phenomena. We compare the results of our techniques with the ones from numerical diagonalization of the quantum evolution and find that although t…
An energy-time entanglement-based dispersive optics quantum key distribution (DO-QKD) is demonstrated experimentally over optical fibers of 20 km. In the experiment, the telecom band energy-time entangled photon pairs are generated through spontaneous four wave mixing in a silicon waveguide. The arrival time of photons are registered for key generating and security test. High dimensional encoding in the arrival time of photons is used to increase the information per coincidence of photon pairs. The bin sifting process is optimized by a three level structure, which significantly reduces the raw…
We provide theory and formal insight on the Green function quantization method for absorptive and dispersive spatial-inhomogeneous media in the context of dielectric media. We show that a fundamental Green function identity, which appears, e.g., in the fundamental commutation relation of the electromagnetic fields, is also valid in the limit of non-absorbing media. We also demonstrate how the zero-point field fluctuations yields a non-vanishing surface term in configurations without absorption, when using a more formal procedure of the Green function quantization method. We then apply the pres…
We present methods which allow orders of magnitude increase in the number of modes in linear optics experiments by moving from spatial encoding to temporal encoding and using dispersion. This enables significant practical advantages for linear quantum optics and Boson Sampling experiments. Passing consecutively heralded photons through time-independent dispersion and measuring the output time of the photons is equivalent to a Boson Sampling experiment for which no efficient classical algorithm is reported, to our knowledge. With time-dependent dispersion, it is possible to implement arbitrary …
We develop a dual description of quantum optics adapted to dielectric systems without magnetic property. Our formalism, which is shown to be equivalent to the standard one within some dipolar approximations discussed in the article, is applied to the description of polaritons in dielectric media. We show that the dual formalism leads to the Huttner-Barnett equations [B. Huttner, S. M. Barnett, Phys. Rev. A \textbf{46}, 4306 (1992)] for QED in dielectric systems. More generally, we discuss the role of electromagnetic duality in the quantization procedure for optical systems and derive the struc…
Hyperfine atomic states are among the most promising candidates for qubit encoding in quantum information processing. In atomic systems, hyperfine transitions are typically driven through a two-photon Raman process by a laser field which is amplitude modulated at the hyperfine qubit frequency. Here, we introduce a new method for generating amplitude modulation by phase modulating a laser and reflecting it from a highly dispersive optical element known as a chirped Bragg grating (CBG). This approach is passively stable, offers high efficiency, and is compatible with high-power laser sources, en…
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a crucial technology for information security in the future. Developing simple and efficient ways to establish QKD among multiple users are important to extend the applications of QKD in communication networks. Herein, we proposed a scheme of symmetric dispersive optics QKD (DO-QKD) and demonstrated an entanglement-based quantum network based on it. In the experiment, a broadband entanglement photon pair source was shared by end users via wavelength and space division multiplexing. The wide spectrum of generated entangled photon pairs was divided into 16 combi…
We propose a cavity QED setup which implements a dissipative Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick model -- an interacting collective spin system. By varying the external model parameters the system can be made to undergo both first-and second-order quantum phase transitions, which are signified by dramatic changes in cavity output field properties, such as the probe laser transmission spectrum. The steady-state entanglement between pairs of atoms is shown to peak at the critical points and can be experimentally determined by suitable measurements on the cavity output field. The entanglement dynamics also exhi…
