Yuri Shtanov
We account for the origin of the laws of quantum probabilities in the de Broglie-Bohm (pilot wave) formulation of quantum theory by considering the property of ergodicity likely to characterise the dynamics of microscopic quantum systems.
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A simple experiment using radioactive decay is proposed to test the possibility of a determinsistic, but chaotic, origin of quantum mechanical randomness.
The quantum mechanical probability densities are compared with the probability densities treated by the theory of random variables. The relevance of their difference for the interpretation of quantum mechanics is commented.
It is argued that the quantum correlations are not maximally nonlocal to make it possible to control local outcomes from outside spacetime, and quantum mechanics emerges from timeless nonlocality and biased local randomness. This rules out a world described by NL (nonlocal) boxes. A new type of experiments is suggested.
A long sequence of tosses of a classical coin produces an apparently random bit string, but classical randomness is an illusion: the algorithmic information content of a classically-generated bit string lies almost entirely in the description of initial conditions. This letter presents a simple argument that, by contrast, a sequence of bits produced by tossing a quantum coin is, almost certainly, genuinely (algorithmically) random. This result can be interpreted as a strengthening of Bell's no-hidden-variables theorem, and relies on causality and quantum entanglement in a manner similar to Bel…
Convergence to Bohmian mechanics in a de Broglie-like pilot-wave system
本文证明 Darrow 和 Bush 提出的类德布罗意导航波框架在特定耦合选择下可于非相对论极限精确约化为单粒子玻姆力学，并展示了其在位置测量类比中的应用。
A refinement of the argument of local realism versus quantum mechanics by algorithmic randomness
本文利用算法随机性工具包，对本地现实与量子力学的论点进行细化，提出典型性原则以操作性方式规范测量结果属性。
We perform the probabilistic analysis of the pilot wave formalism. From the probabilistic point of view it is not so natural to follow D. Bohm and to consider nonlocal interactions between parts of (e.g.) a two-particle system. It is more natural to consider dependence of corresponding preparation procedures and the propagation of the initial correlations between preparation procedures. In the pilot wave formalism it is more natural to speak about correlations of the initial pilot waves which propagate with time.
Quantum statistics originate from the physics of state preparation. It is therefore wrong to think of quantum states as fundamental. In fact, quantum states are merely summaries of dynamical processes that randomize the properties of the system by drawing on the inexhaustible reservoir of quantum fluctuations provided by the physical tools used to control the quantum system. The mathematical form of the "state vector" is actually an expression of the laws of causality which describe the relations between physical properties in terms of the action of transformations. These laws of causality dir…
Much attention has been drawn to quantum computing and the exponential speed-up in computation the technology would be able to provide. Various claims have been made about what aspect of quantum mechanics causes this speed-up. Formulations of quantum computing have traditionally been made in orthodox (Copenhagen) and sometimes many-worlds quantum mechanics. We will aim to understand quantum computing in terms of de Broglie-Bohm Pilot-Wave Theory by considering different simple systems that may function as a basic quantum computer. We will provide a careful discussion of Pilot-Wave Theory and e…
The Born's rule introduces intrinsic randomness to the outcomes of a measurement performed on a quantum mechanical system. But, if the system is prepared in the eigenstate of an observable then the measurement outcome of that observable is completely predictable and hence there is no intrinsic randomness. On the other hand, if two incompatible observables are measured (either sequentially on a particle or simultaneously on two identical copies of the particle) then uncertainty principle guarantees intrinsic randomness in the subsequent outcomes independent of the preparation state of the syste…
The symmetries of the wavefunction for identical particles, including anyons, are given a rigorous non-relativistic derivation within pilot-wave formulations of quantum mechanics. In particular, parastatistics are excluded. The result has a rigorous generalisation to n particles and to spinorial wavefunctions. The relation to other non-relativistic approaches is briefly discussed.
The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics assumes the existence of the classical deterministic Newtonian world. We argue that in fact the Newton determinism in classical world does not hold and in classical mechanics there is fundamental and irreducible randomness. The classical Newtonian trajectory does not have a direct physical meaning since arbitrary real numbers are not observable. There are classical uncertainty relations, i.e. the uncertainty (errors of observation) in the determination of coordinate and momentum is always positive (non zero). A "functional" formulation of clas…
The notion of probability plays a crucial role in quantum mechanics. It appears in quantum mechanics as the Born rule. In modern mathematics which describes quantum mechanics, however, probability theory means nothing other than measure theory, and therefore any operational characterization of the notion of probability is still missing in quantum mechanics. In this paper, based on the toolkit of algorithmic randomness, we present a refinement of the Born rule, as an alternative rule to it, for specifying the property of the results of quantum measurements in an operational way. Algorithmic ran…
In the paper the Schrodinger equation (SE) with gravity term is developed and discussed. It is shown that the modified SE is valid for particles with mass m<M_P, M_P is the Planck mass, and contains the part which, we argue describes the pilot wave. For m \to M_P the modified SE has the solution with oscillatory term, i.e. strings. Key words: Schrodinger-Newton equation; Planck time; pilot wave.
An intuitive, generic, physical model, or conceptual paradigm for pilot wave steerage of particle beams based on Stochastic Electrodynamics is presented. The utility of this model for understanding the Pauli Exclusion Principle is briefly considered, and a possible experimental verification for the underlying concepts is proposed. \\[7mm] Key words: Quantum Mechanics, Pilot Wave, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Stochastic Electrodynamics
Study of nonlocal correlations in term of Hardy's argument has been quite popular in quantum mechanics. Recently Hardy's argument of non-locality has been studied in the context of generalized non-signaling theory as well as theory respecting information causality. Information causality condition significantly reduces the success probability for Hardy's argument when compared to the result based on non-signaling condition. Here motivated by the fact that maximally entangled state in quantum mechanics does not exhibit Hardy's non-local correlation, we do a qualitative study of the property of l…
Franson-type nonlocal quantum correlation based on the particle nature of quantum mechanics has been intensively studied for both fundamental physics and potential applications of quantum key distribution between remotely separated parties over the last several decades. Recently, a coherence theory of deterministic quantum features has been applied for Franson-type nonlocal correlation [arXiv:2102.06463] to understand its quantumness in a purely classical manner, where the resulting features are deterministic and macroscopic. Here, nearly sub-Poisson distributed coherent photon pairs obtained …
Paper I of this series introduced a nonlinear version of quantum mechanics that blocks cats, and paper II postulated a random part of the wavefunction to explain outcomes in experiments such as Stern-Gerlach or EPRB. However, an ad hoc extra parameter was assumed for the randomness. Here I provide some analytic and simulation evidence that the nonlinear theory exhibits sensitive dependence on initial conditions in measurement scenarios, perhaps implying that the magnitude of randomness required is determined by structural features of the model, and does not require a free parameter.
Einstein's Worries and Actual Physics: Beyond Pilot Waves
本文探讨了引导波理论的局限性，提出随机力学和范畴论语义作为更深入的量子理论补充，消解测量问题和非本地性。
This progress report covers recent developments in the area of quantum randomness, which is an extraordinarily interdisciplinary area that belongs not only to physics, but also to philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and technology. For this reason the article contains three parts that will be essentially devoted to different aspects of quantum randomness, and even directed, although not restricted, to various audiences: a philosophical part, a physical part, and a technological part. For these reasons the article is written on an elementary level, combining very elementary and non-techn…
Quantum mechanics has lacked a widely recognized interpretation since its birth. Many of these are still under consideration because interpretations are tough or impossible to disprove experimentally. We show how to distinguish experimentally ones assuming tiny, localized particles from those postulating realistic, non-local wave functions. It is possible thanks to a recently developed model of optical transmittance of ultra-diluted gas. This model considers the influence of each gas particle wave function on transmitted light. Its quantitative predictions are not indifferent to the interpreta…
If quantum mechanics is taken for granted the randomness derived from it may be vacuous or even delusional, yet sufficient for many practical purposes. "Random" quantum events are intimately related to the emergence of both space-time as well as the identification of physical properties through which so-called objects are aggregated. We also present a brief review of the metaphysics of indeterminism.
Quantum randomness certification with untrusted measurements and few probe states
提出一种半设备无关量子随机性认证方案，利用不可信测量设备和少量探测态，无需假设测量噪声等，可用于有限结果测量，通过零差测量实现，证明在高斯和非高斯噪声下均可认证随机性。
The de Broglie-Bohm pilot wave interpretation of quantum mechanics is shown to provide a consistent explanation for a single relativistic particle (more accurately, a single particle process since pair production is addressed). This is accomplished by incorporating the Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation of anti-matter. The lack of conserved probability and existence of negative energy solutions is studied through this interpretation. We discuss the resolution of Klein's original paradox through the pilot wave interpretation, and similarly analyze the potential barrier problem. Simulations are…
If the statement by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen on incompleteness of Quantum-Mechanical description of nature is correct, then we can regard Quantum Mechanics as a Method of Indirect Computation. The problem is, whether the theory is incomplete or the nature itself does not allow complete description? And if the first option is correct, how is it possible to complete the Quantum-Mechanical description? Here we try to complement de-Broglie's idea on wave-pilot the stochastic gravitation gives origin to. We assume that de-Broglie's wave-pilots are gravitational stochastic ones, and we shall reg…
Randomness plays a central rol in the quantum mechanical description of our interactions. We review the relationship between the violation of Bell inequalities, non signaling and randomness. We discuss the challenge in defining a random string, and show that algorithmic information theory provides a necessary condition for randomness using Borel normality. We close with a view on incomputablity and its implications in physics.
In randomness amplification a slightly random source is used to produce an improved random source. Perhaps surprisingly, a single source of randomness cannot be amplified at all classically. However, the situation is different if one considers correlations allowed by quantum mechanics as an extra resource. Here we present a protocol that amplifies Santha-Vazirani sources arbitrarily close to deterministic into fully random sources. The protocol is device independent, depending only on the observed statistics of the devices and on the validity of the no-signaling principle between different dev…
In 1927 Louis de Broglie proposed an alternative approach to standard quantum mechanics known as the double solution program (DSP) where particles are represented as bunched fields or solitons guided by a base (weaker) wave. DSP evolved as the famous de Broglie-Bohm pilot wave interpretation (PWI) also known as Bohmian mechanics but the general idea to use solitons guided by a base wave to reproduce the dynamics of the PWI was abandonned. Here we propose a nonlinear scalar field theory able to reproduce the PWI for the Schrödinger and Klein-Gordon guiding waves. Our model relies on a relativis…
In the pilot-wave theory of quantum mechanics particles have definite positions and velocities and the system evolves deterministically. The velocity of a particle is determined by the wave function of the system (the guidance equation) and the wave function evolves according to Schrodinger's equation. In this paper I first construct a Hamiltonian that gives Schrodinger's equation and the guidance equation for the particle. I then find the Hamiltonian for a relativistic particle in Dirac's theory and for a quantum scalar field.
This is a review of the issue of randomness in quantum mechanics, with special emphasis on its ambiguity; for example, randomness has different antipodal relationships to determinism, computability, and compressibility. Following a (Wittgensteinian) philosophical discussion of randomness in general, I argue that deterministic interpretations of quantum mechanics (like Bohmian mechanics or 't Hooft's Cellular Automaton interpretation) are strictly speaking incompatible with the Born rule. I also stress the role of outliers, i.e. measurement outcomes that are not 1-random. Although these occur w…
Protective measurements which were defined by Aharonov and Vaidman in 1993 played an important role in the discussion about the interpretation of quantum mechanics. In 1999, following an early work by Englert et al., Aharonov et al. wrote an article in which they showed that protective measurements can be used to demonstrate the `surrealism' of Bohmian mechanics. Bohmian mechanics also known as pilot-wave interpretation is certainly the best-known hidden variable interpretation of quantum mechanics. It played a fundamental role in the discovery by Bell of his famous non locality theorem. There…
Where does quantum mechanics part ways with classical mechanics? How does quantum randomness differ fundamentally from classical randomness? We cannot fully explain how the theories differ until we can derive them within a single axiomatic framework, allowing an unambiguous account of how one theory is the limit of the other. Here we derive nonrelativistic quantum mechanics and classical statistical mechanics within a common framework. The common axioms include conservation of average energy and conservation of probability current. But two axioms distinguish quantum mechanics from classical st…
Quantum entanglement between two or more bipartite entities is a core concept in quantum information areas limited to microscopic regimes directly governed by Heisenberg uncertainty principle via quantum superposition, resulting in nondeterministic and probabilistic quantum features. Such quantum features cannot be generated by classical means. Here, a pure classical method of on-demand entangled light-pair generation is presented in a macroscopic regime via basis randomness. This conflicting idea of conventional quantum mechanics invokes a fundamental question about both classicality and quan…
Beam-splitter-free, high-rate quantum key distribution inspired by intrinsic quantum mechanical spatial randomness of entangled photons
本研究提出一种无需光束分离器的高密量子密钥分发方案，利用纠缠光子的内在空间随机性，实现高密钥率、低误码率和无偏差的QKD
In this work we introduce the randomness which is truly quantum mechanical in nature arising as an act of measurement. For a composite classical system we have the joint entropy to quantify the randomness present in the total system and that happens to be equal to the sum of the entropy of one subsystem and the conditional entropy of the other subsystem given we know the first system. The same analogy caries over to the quantum setting by replacing the Shannon entropy by the Von Neumann entropy. However, if we replace the conditional von Neumann entropy by the average conditional entropy due t…
According to Bohmian mechanics, we see the particle, not the pilot wave. But to make predictions we need to know the wave. How do we learn about the wave to make predictions, if we only see the particle? I show that the puzzle can be solved, but only thanks to decoherence.
This paper gives a technically elementary treatment of some aspects of Hamilton-Jacobi theory, especially in relation to the calculus of variations. The second half of the paper describes the application to geometric optics, the optico-mechanical analogy and the transition to quantum mechanics. Finally, I report recent work of Holland providing a Hamiltonian formulation of the pilot-wave theory.
The alternative pilot-wave theory of quantum phenomena -- associated especially with Louis de Broglie, David Bohm, and John Bell -- reproduces the statistical predictions of ordinary quantum mechanics, but without recourse to special \emph{ad hoc} axioms pertaining to measurement. That (and how) it does so is relatively straightforward to understand in the case of position measurements and, more generally, measurements whose outcome is ultimately registered by the position of a pointer. Despite a widespread belief to the contrary among physicists, the theory can also account successfully for p…
The Kochen-Specker theorem shows the impossibility for a hidden variable theory to consistently assign values to certain (finite) sets of observables in a way that is non-contextual and consistent with quantum mechanics. If we require non-contextuality, the consequence is that many observables must not have pre-existing definite values. However, the Kochen-Specker theorem does not allow one to determine which observables must be value indefinite. In this paper we present an improvement on the Kochen-Specker theorem which allows one to actually locate observables which are provably value indefi…
Higher rates for semi-device-independent randomness expansion by recycling input randomness
本文提出两种半设备无关随机性扩展协议，在准备-测量设置中，假设源和测量设备不可信，仅信任测试设备。一种协议通过回收输入随机性扩展，另一种通过偏置输入分布在无法回收时扩展。结果表明在实验条件下可实现高随机性速率。
Pseudo-random number generators are widely used in many branches of science, mainly in applications related to Monte Carlo methods, although they are deterministic in design and, therefore, unsuitable for tackling fundamental problems in security and cryptography. The natural laws of the microscopic realm provide a fairly simple method to generate non-deterministic sequences of random numbers, based on measurements of quantum states. In practice, however, the experimental devices on which quantum random number generators are based are often unable to pass some tests of randomness. In this revi…
A disputable assumption behind the empirical equivalence between pilot-wave theory and standard quantum mechanics
本文指出导波理论与标准量子力学经验等价性证明所依赖的“信息总是以构型为基础”假设存在缺陷，并探讨了放弃该假设的后果。
Unconditional security of the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol has been proved by exploiting the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics, but the practical quantum key distribution system maybe hacked by considering the imperfect state preparation and measurement respectively. Until now, different attacking schemes have been proposed by utilizing imperfect devices, but the general security analysis model against all of the practical attacking schemes has not been proposed. Here, we demonstrate that the general practical attacking schemes can be divided into the Trojan horse attack, strong …
In this paper we first analyse Leggett and Garg's argument to the effect that macroscopic realism contradicts quantum mechanics. After making explicit all the assumptions in Leggett and Garg's reasoning, we argue against the plausibility of their auxiliary assumption of non-invasive measurability, using Bell's construction of stochastic pilot-wave theories as a counterexample. Violations of the Leggett-Garg inequality thus do not provide a good argument against macrorealism per se. We then apply Dzhafarov and Kujala's analysis of contextuality in the presence of signalling to the case of the L…
Randomness expansion where one generates a longer sequence of random numbers from a short one is viable in quantum mechanics but not allowed classically. Device-independent quantum randomness expansion provides a randomness resource of the highest security level. Here, we report the first experimental realization of device-independent quantum randomness expansion secure against quantum side information established through quantum probability estimation. We generate $5.47\times10^8$ quantum-proof random bits while consuming $4.39\times10^8$ bits of entropy, expanding our store of randomness by …
We introduce a protocol through which a pair of quantum mechanical devices may be used to generate n bits of true randomness from a seed of O(log n) uniform bits. The bits generated are certifiably random based only on a simple statistical test that can be performed by the user, and on the assumption that the devices obey the no-signaling principle. No other assumptions are placed on the devices' inner workings. A modified protocol uses a seed of O(log^3 n) uniformly random bits to generate $n$ bits of true randomness even conditioned on the state of a quantum adversary who may have had prior …
Random number plays a key role in information science, especially in cryptography. Based on the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, quantum random number generators can produce genuine randomness. In particular, random numbers can be produced from laser phase fluctuations with a very high speed, typically in the Gbps regime. In this work, by developing a physical model, we investigate the origin of the randomness in quantum random number generators based on laser phase fluctuations. We show how the randomness essentially stems from spontaneous emissions. The laser phase fluctuation can …
It is often said that quantum and classical randomness are of different nature, the former being ontological and the latter epistemological. However, so far the question of "What is quantum in quantum randomness", i.e. what is the impact of quantization and discreteness on the nature of randomness, remains to answer. In a first part, we explicit the differences between quantum and classical randomness within a recently proposed ontology for quantum mechanics based on contextual objectivity. In this view, quantum randomness is the result of contextuality and quantization. We show that this appr…
Randomness from Radiation: Evaluation and Analysis of Radiation-Based Random Number Generators
本文基于钴-60和锶-90放射性衰变构建量子随机数发生器，并通过熵、频率及NIST测试评估源性质、距离和记录时间对随机性的影响。
We compare and contrast two distinct approaches to understanding the Born rule in de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave theory, one based on dynamical relaxation over time (advocated by this author and collaborators) and the other based on typicality of initial conditions (advocated by the 'Bohmian mechanics' school). It is argued that the latter approach is inherently circular and physically misguided. The typicality approach has engendered a deep-seated confusion between contingent and law-like features, leading to misleading claims not only about the Born rule but also about the nature of the wave fun…
Quantum mechanics predicts the existence of intrinsically random processes. Contrary to classical randomness, this lack of predictability can not be attributed to ignorance or lack of control. Here we find the optimal method to quantify the amount of local or global randomness that can be extracted in two scenarios: (i) the quantum steering scenario, where two parties measure a bipartite system in an unknown state but one of them does not trust his measurement apparatus, and (ii) the prepare-and-measure scenario, where additionally the quantum state is known. We use our methods to compute the …
A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness
本文综述了量子随机数发生器（QRNGs）的概念、分类与技术挑战，从量子力学层级公理视角探究随机性起源，指出不同QRNG的随机性对应非经典理论不同层级，还对比了市售产品。
Quantum advantage is notoriously hard to find and even harder to prove. For example the class of functions computable with classical physics actually exactly coincides with the class computable quantum-mechanically. It is strongly believed, but not proven, that quantum computing provides exponential speed-up for a range of problems, such as factoring. Here we address a computational scenario of "randomness processing" in which quantum theory provably yields, not only resource reduction over classical stochastic physics, but a strictly larger class of problems which can be solved. Beyond new fo…
Indistinguishability between quantum randomness and pseudo-randomness under efficiently calculable randomness measures
本文基于密码学伪随机数生成器提出不可行定理，证明在经典高效模拟且随机性度量可高效计算时，量子随机数与伪随机数不可区分，并通过 IBM Quantum 与因斯布鲁克 Bell 实验数据验证。
The relational interpretation of quantum mechanics (RQM), introduced in its present form by Carlo Rovelli in 1996, involves a number of significant departures from other QM interpretations widely discussed in the literature. We begin here by summarizing these unique RQM features, with a focus on those that suggest altered insights into the nature of the randomness exhibited in QM phenomena. One of these RQM features is the assumption that all objects in the universe are quantum objects, regardless of their material complexity. And, the interaction of any two objects can result in new relationa…
Does True Randomness Exist? Efficacy Testing IBM Quantum Computers via Statistical Randomness
本文提出利用量子随机数生成与十八项统计测试评估量子计算机效能，并对九台 IBM 系统测试，发现仅一个计算机—算法组合通过统计随机性检验。
In this thesis we study the de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave interpretation of quantum theory. We consider the domain of non-relativistic quantum theory, relativistic quantum theory and quantum field theory, and in each domain we consider the possibility of formulating a pilot-wave interpretation. For non-relativistic quantum theory a pilot-wave interpretation in terms of particle beables can readily be formulated. But this interpretation can in general not straightforwardly be generalized to relativistic wave equations. The problems which prevent us from devising a pilot-wave interpretation for rel…
Randomness is a central feature of quantum mechanics and an invaluable resource for both classical and quantum technologies. Commonly, in Device-Independent and Semi-Device-Independent scenarios, randomness is certified using projective measurements and the amount of certified randomness is bounded by the dimension of the measured quantum system. In this work, we propose a new Source-Device-Independent protocol, based on Positive Operator Valued Measurement (POVM), which can arbitrarily increase the number of certified bits for any fixed dimension. A tight lower-bound on the quantum conditiona…
Delegated verification of quantum randomness with linear optics
针对量子随机源易失效且长序列随机性测试资源消耗大、转移测试存保密风险的问题，提出通过关联公共序列质量与量子生成私有序列的方法，实现第三方公开统计测试且不泄露随机比特机密，并在两个光学系统上实现协议且对比。
We point out that Fratini and Hayrapetyan ignored the randomness of mixing, a basic request to prepare a statistical ensemble rather than an ensemble in general. Their analysis is irrelevant for standard statistical ensembles, their conclusions about the limitations of standard theory become unjustified.
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