arXiv quant-ph/07021462007-02quant-ph

量子散射干涉仪

A Quantum Scattering Interferometer

Russell A. Hart, Xinye Xu, Ronald Legere, Kurt Gibble

备注：: Corrected formatting and typos
发表信息：: Nature 446, 892-895 (19 April 2007)
DOI：: 10.1038/nature05680

摘要：

两个超冷原子的碰撞导致两种结果的量子力学叠加：每个原子继续没有散射，每个原子散射作为具有s波相移的球形出射波。s波相移的大小非常敏感地取决于原子之间的相互作用。量子散射和潜在的相移在当代原子物理学的许多领域都是至关重要的，包括玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体、简并费米气体、原子钟的频移和磁调谐费什巴赫共振。量子散射相移的精确测量直到现在还不可能，因为在散射实验中，散射原子的数量取决于s波相移以及原子密度，这是无法精确测量的。在这里，我们展示了一种全新的散射实验，干涉检测单个原子的量子散射相移。通过仅使用每个原子的散射部分执行原子钟测量，我们以密度无关的方式直接且精确地测量两个时钟状态的s波相移的差。我们的方法将对超冷原子-原子相互作用给出最直接和精确的测量，并将严格限制基本常数的时间变化。

英文摘要：

The collision of two ultra-cold atoms results in a quantum-mechanical superposition of two outcomes: each atom continues without scattering and each atom scatters as a spherically outgoing wave with an s-wave phase shift. The magnitude of the s-wave phase shift depends very sensitively on the interaction between the atoms. Quantum scattering and the underlying phase shifts are vitally important in many areas of contemporary atomic physics, including Bose-Einstein condensates, degenerate Fermi gases, frequency shifts in atomic clocks, and magnetically-tuned Feshbach resonances. Precise measurements of quantum scattering phase shifts have not been possible until now because, in scattering experiments, the number of scattered atoms depends on the s-wave phase shifts as well as the atomic density, which cannot be measured precisely. Here we demonstrate a fundamentally new type of scattering experiment that interferometrically detects the quantum scattering phase shifts of individual atoms. By performing an atomic clock measurement using only the scattered part of each atom, we directly and precisely measure the difference of the s-wave phase shifts for the two clock states in a density independent manner. Our method will give the most direct and precise measurements of ultracold atom-atom interactions and will place stringent limits on the time variations of fundamental constants.

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