Mehrdad Dianati, Romain Alleaume
The European projet Secoqc (Secure Communication based on Quantum Cryptography) aims at developing a global network for unconditionally secure key distribution. This paper specifies the requirements and presents the principles guiding the design of this network, and relevant to its architecture and protocols.
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A Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network is currently implemented in Vienna by integrating seven QKD-Link devices that connect five subsidiaries of SIEMENS Austria. We give an architectural overview of the network and present the enabling QKD-technologies, as well as the novel QKD network protocols.
In contemporary cryptographic systems, secret keys are usually exchanged by means of methods, which suffer from mathematical and technology inherent drawbacks. That could lead to unnoticed complete compromise of cryptographic systems, without a chance of control by its legitimate owners. Therefore a need for innovative solutions exists when truly and reliably secure transmission of secrets is required for dealing with critical data and applications. Quantum Cryptography (QC), in particular Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) can answer that need. The business white paper (BWP) summarizes how secret…
A Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network is an infrastructure capable of performing long-distance and high-rate secret key agreement with information-theoretic security. In this paper we study security properties of QKD networks based on trusted repeater nodes. Such networks can already be deployed, based on current technology. We present an example of a trusted repeater QKD network, developed within the SECOQC project. The main focus is put on the study of secure key agreement over a trusted repeater QKD network, when some nodes are corrupted. We propose an original method, able to ensure the…
Due to the intrinsic point-to-point characteristic of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems, it is necessary to study and develop QKD network technology to provide a secure communication service for a large-scale of nodes over a large area. Considering the quality assurance required for such a network and the cost limitations, building an effective mathematical model of a QKD network becomes a critical task. In this paper, a flow-based mathematical model is proposed to describe a QKD network using mathematical concepts and language. In addition, an investigation on QKD network topology evalua…
Scalable twin-field quantum key distribution network enabled by adaptable architecture
提出一种适应性架构的可扩展双场量子密钥分发网络，利用光开关路由信号至多用户测量单元，实现任意用户间安全密钥共享，并在三用户演示及32用户模拟中验证了高密钥率与可扩展性。
An asymmetric atom-photon architecture for device-independent quantum key distribution over 25 km
该研究提出一种不对称原子-光子架构，在25公里光纤上实现设备无关量子密钥分发，通过双量子频率转换和主动偏振稳定获得|S|=2.75，超过阈值，产生69个密钥比特，为异构量子网络DIQKD铺路。
Mitigating imperfections in Differential Phase Shift Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution via Plug-and-Play architecture
本文提出了一种基于差分相位移编码的即插即用方案，以缓解MDI-QKD中因信道不对称性和偏振不匹配导致的安全密钥率问题。
Assessment of practical satellite quantum key distribution architectures for current and near-future missions
本文评估各类卫星量子密钥分发架构在吞吐量、时延、距离、安全性与复杂度上的权衡，指出低轨可信节点、弱脉冲离散变量下行链路及诱骗态 BB84 是近期任务的优选方案。
We present a polarization diverse receiver architecture for continuous variables quantum key distribution. Our receiver architecture forgoes the need for any polarization matching calibrations or feedback loops and is usable in any locally generated local oscillator key distribution system. We demonstrate experimentally that our system is capable of reliably achieving theoretical security against coherent attacks, even under very adverse random polarization drift scenarios, where the single polarization channels are unable to achieve security, and is capable of functioning for long periods of …
How to compute a 256-bit elliptic curve private key with only 50 million Toffoli gates
本研究以Shor算法计算椭圆曲线私钥为案例，分析硅光子学启发的主动体积架构的资源需求，发现非局部连接大幅降低成本，同时提出不依赖架构的算法优化，显著减少Toffoli门数量。
A robust digital receiver architecture for continuous-variable quantum key distribution
针对连续变量量子密钥分发数字下变频算法存在的镜像频率串扰问题，提出基于双路数字外差接收机的算子重构方案，实验验证其可抑制镜像频率噪声，在42公里距离实现11.4 Mbps性能，为相关系统奠定理论算法基础。
Opportunistic Scheduling for Single-downlink Satellite-based Quantum Key Distribution
本文提出了一种机会性调度方法，用于单下行卫星QKD系统，以优化地面站对的公平性和系统性能，同时考虑季节和云覆盖的影响。
Deploying and validating a metropolitan QKD secure network: architecture and field performance
针对量子计算机对经典公钥基础设施的威胁，报告米兰数据中心间城域量子安全网络的部署与验证。采用分层架构，集成多种技术，经动态路径重新配置和应用层验证，确立其用于生产部署的就绪性并提供可复制蓝图。
Quantum key distribution (QKD) networks constitute promising solutions for secure communication. Beyond conventional point-to-point QKD, we developed 1xN QKD network systems with a sub-ns resolution optical path length compensation scheme. With a practical plug-and-play QKD architecture and compact timing control modules based on a field programmable gate array (FPGA), we achieved long term stable operation of a 1x64 QKD network system. Using this architecture, 64 users can simultaneously share secret keys with one server, without using complex software algorithms and expensive hardware. We de…
Device-independent quantum key distribution protocols allow two honest users to establish a secret key with minimal levels of trust on the provider, as security is proven without any assumption on the inner working of the devices used for the distribution. Unfortunately, the implementation of these protocols is challenging, as it requires the observation of a large Bell-inequality violation between the two distant users. Here, we introduce novel photonic protocols for device-independent quantum key distribution exploiting single-photon sources and heralding-type architectures. The heralding pr…
We first give a brief overview over quantum computing, quantum key distribution (QKD), a practical architecture that integrates (QKD) in current internet security architectures, and aspects of network security. We introduce the concept of quantum contracts inspired from game theory. Finally, we introduce the basic architecture of the quantum internet and present some protocols.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) networks provide an infrastructure for establishing information-theoretic secure keys between legitimate parties via quantum and authentic classical channels. The deployment of QKD networks in real-world conditions faces several challenges, which are related in particular to the high costs of QKD devices and the condition to provide reasonable secret key rates. In this work, we present a QKD network architecture that provides a significant reduction in the cost of deploying QKD networks by using optical switches and reducing the number of QKD receiver devices, wh…
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is an approach for establishing symmetrical binary keys between distant users in an information-theoretically secure way. In this paper we provide an overview of existing solutions that integrate QKD within the most popular architecture for establishing secure communications in modern IP (Internet Protocol) networks - IPsec (Internet Protocol security). The provided overview can be used to further design the integration of QKD within the IPsec architecture striving for a standardized solution.
We discuss the scalability of superconducting quantum computers, especially in a wiring problem. The number of wiring inside a cryostat is almost proportional to the number of qubits in current wiring architectures. We introduce regularity, modularity, and hierarchy to an architecture design of superconducting quantum computers. The key to the wiring elimination is found in the quantum error correction codes having thresholds and spatial translational symmetry, i.e., the surface code. We show a superconducting-digital-logic-based architecture and introduce a stacked heterogeneous structure of …
Exploration of Evolving Quantum Key Distribution Network Architecture Using Model-Based Systems Engineering
本文提出一种变异性驱动框架，用于管理快速演变的量子密钥分发网络架构，以满足日益增长的利益相关者需求。
Security-enhanced Blockchain with Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution: A Physical Layer enabled Architecture
本文提出一种量子-经典混合架构，通过双场QKD协议和MDI结构化星型拓扑，优化基础设施复杂度，实现信息论安全与分布式共识的结合，解决区块链嵌入量子网络的连接和距离限制。
Quantum Meets Statistical-Physical Secrecy: A Novel Hybrid Key Distribution Architecture
本文提出一种结合量子密钥分发和Kirchhoff定律-约翰逊噪声的混合密钥分发架构，通过优化光子BB84型QKD链路与并行有线KLJN链路协同工作，提升短距离基础设施的密钥生成效率和吞吐量。
As practical quantum networks prepare to serve an ever-expanding number of nodes, there has grown a need for advanced auxiliary classical systems that support the quantum protocols and maintain compatibility with the existing fiber-optic infrastructure. We propose and demonstrate a quantum local area network design that addresses current deployment limitations in timing and security in a scalable fashion using commercial off-the-shelf components. We employ White Rabbit switches to synchronize three remote nodes with ultra-low timing jitter, significantly increasing the fidelities of the distri…
Establishing shared secret keys on quantum line networks: protocol and security
本文提出在单条量子通信线上进行多用户密钥建立的架构，中间节点仅执行单量子比特酉变换，无需密钥路由，并基于抽象密码学框架证明了其可组合安全性。
Nearest neighbor synthesis of CNOT circuits on general quantum architectures
本文针对一般量子架构提出关键量子比特优先映射模型和噪声感知CNOT线路最近邻综合算法，利用禁忌搜索优化初始映射，有效提升了综合后线路的保真度。
Multiparty Quantum Key Agreement: Architectures, State-of-the-art, and Open Problems
本文探讨多方量子密钥协定的设计空间，从网络架构、量子资源和安全模型三个维度分析其现状与挑战，提出未来研究方向。
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