Ying-Qiao Zhang, Xing-Ri Jin, Shou Zhang
We proposed a scheme on secret sharing of quantum information based on entanglement swapping in cavity QED. In our scheme, the effects of cavity decay and thermal field are all eliminated.
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We introduce generalized cat states for d-level systems and obtain concise formulas for their entanglement swapping with generalized Bell states. We then use this to provide both a generalization to the d-level case and a transparent proof of validity for an already proposed protocol of secret sharing based on entanglement swapping
A general proof of the security against eavesdropping of a previously introduced protocol for two-party quantum key distribution based on entanglement swapping [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 61}, 052312 (2000)] is provided. In addition, the protocol is extended to permit multiparty quantum key distribution and secret sharing of classical information.
A multiparty quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocol is proposed by using swapping quantum entanglement of Bell states. The secret messages are imposed on Bell states by local unitary operations. The secret messages are split into several parts and each part is distributed to a party so that no action of a subset of all the parties but their entire cooperation is able to read out the secret messages. In addition, the dense coding is used in this protocol to achieve a high efficiency. The security of the present multiparty QSS against eavesdropping has been analyzed and confirmed even in a noisy …
In a recent paper [Z. J. Zhang and Z. X. Man, Phys. Rev. A 72, 022303(2005)], a multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol based on entanglement swapping was presented. However, as we show, this protocol is insecure in the sense that an unauthorized agent group can recover the secret from the dealer. Hence, we propose an improved version of this protocol which can stand against this kind of attack.
Experimentally feasible scheme for teleportation of atomic entangled state via entanglement swapping is proposed in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) without joint Bell-state measurement (BSM). In the teleportation processes the interaction between atoms and a single-mode nonresonant cavity with the assistance of a strong classical driving field substitute the joint measurements. The discussion of the scheme indicates that it can be realized by current technologies.
In order to avoid the risk of information leakage during the information mutual transmission between two authorized participants, i.e., Alice and Bob, a quantum dialogue protocol based on the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states and the shared secret Bell state is proposed. The proposed protocol integrates the ideas of block transmission, two-step transmission and unitary operation encoding together using the Bell states as the information carriers. Besides the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states, a shared secret Bell state is also used to overcome the information le…
In this paper, a novel multi-party quantum private comparison (MQPC) protocol with a semi-honest third party (TP) is proposed based on the entanglement swapping of d-level cat states and d-level Bell states. Here, TP is allowed to misbehave on his own but will not conspire with any party. In our protocol, n parties employ unitary operations to encode their private secrets and can compare the equality of their private secrets within one time execution of the protocol. Our protocol can withstand both the outside attacks and the participant attacks on the condition that none of the QKD methods is…
We present a quantum secure direct communication scheme achieved by swapping quantum entanglement. In this scheme a set of ordered Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs is used as a quantum information channel for sending secret messages directly. After insuring the safety of the quantum channel, the sender Alice encodes the secret messages directly by applying a series local operations on her particles sequence according to their stipulation. Using three EPR pairs, three bits of secret classical information can be faithfully transmitted from Alice to remote Bob without revealing any information…
We present a deterministic secure direct communication scheme via entanglement swapping, where a set of ordered maximally entangled three-particle states (GHZ states), initially shared by three spatially separated parties, Alice, Bob and Charlie, functions as a quantum information channel. After ensuring the safety of the quantum channel, Alice and Bob apply a series local operations on their respective particles according to the tripartite stipulation and the secret message they both want to send to Charlie. By three Alice, Bob and Charlie's Bell measurement results, Charlie is able to infer …
We present a quantum secure direct communication protocol and a multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol based on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs and entanglement swapping. The present quantum secure direct communication protocol makes use of the ideal of block transmission. We also point out that the sender can encode his or her secret message without ensuring the security of the quantum channel firstly. In the multiparty quantum secret sharing protocol, the communication parties adopt checking mode or encoding mode with a certain probability. It is not necessary for the protocol to perform l…
In this work,We investigate the problem of secretly broadcasting of three-qubit entangled state between two distant partners. The interesting feature of this problem is that starting from two particle entangled state shared between two distant partners we find that the action of local cloner on the qubits and the measurement on the machine state vector generates three-qubit entanglement between them. The broadcasting of entanglement is made secret by sending the measurement result secretly using cryptographic scheme based on orthogonal states. Further we show that this idea can be extended to …
We propose here a quantum secret sharing scheme that works for both quantum and classical secrets. The proposed scheme is based on both entanglement swapping and teleportation together. It allows sender to encrypt his/her secret and simultaneously distribute decryption information of the encrypted secret among distant parties where decryption shares are nonlocally correlated with each other. Two-fold quantum non-local correlations, generated through entanglement swapping and then teleporting quantum states over swapped maximally entangled pairs, guarantee both authentication and secrecy of the…
A quantum steganography protocol with large payload is proposed, based on dense coding and entanglement swapping of GHZ states. Its super quantum channel is formed by building up the hidden channel within the original quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme. Based on the original QSDC, secrets messages are transmitted by integrating dense coding of GHZ states and entanglement swapping of GHZ states. Its capacity of super quantum channel achieves six bits per round covert communication, much higher than the previous quantum steganography protocols. Its imperceptibility is good, since …
We report two key distribution schemes achieved by swapping quantum entanglement. Using two Bell states, two bits of secret key can be shared between two distant parties that play symmetric and equal roles. We also address eavesdropping attacks against the schemes.
We propose an entanglement swapping scheme in cavity QED. In the scheme, the previously used joint measurement is not needed. The entanglement swapping in our proposal is a non-post-selection one, i.e., after the swapping is done, the swapped entanglement is still there.
We develop a model for practical, entanglement-based long-distance quantum key distribution employing entanglement swapping as a key building block. Relying only on existing off-the-shelf technology, we show how to optimize resources so as to maximize secret key distribution rates. The tools comprise lossy transmission links, such as telecom optical fibers or free space, parametric down-conversion sources of entangled photon pairs, and threshold detectors that are inefficient and have dark counts. Our analysis provides the optimal trade-off between detector efficiency and dark counts, which ar…
In this paper, a multi-party quantum private comparison (MQPC) scheme is suggested based on entanglement swapping of Bell entangled states within d-level quantum system, which can accomplish the equality comparison of secret binary sequences from n users via one execution of scheme. Detailed security analysis shows that both the outside attack and the participant attack are ineffective. The suggested scheme needn't establish a private key among n users beforehand through the quantum key distribution (QKD) method to encrypt the secret binary sequences. Compared with previous MQPC scheme based o…
We investigate a scheme of atomic quantum memory to store photonic qubits of polarization in cavity QED. It is observed that the quantum-state swapping between a single-photon pulse and a $ Λ$-type atom can be made via scattering in an optical cavity [T. W. Chen, C. K. Law, P. T. Leung, Phys. Rev. A {\bf 69} (2004) 063810]. This swapping operates limitedly in the strong coupling regime for $ Λ$-type atoms with equal dipole couplings. We extend this scheme in cavity QED to present a more feasible and efficient method for quantum memory combined with projective measurement. This method works wit…
We develop a theory for long-distance quantum key distribution based on concatenated entanglement swapping using parametric down-conversion sources and show numerical results of our model. The model incorporates practical resources including multi-pair sources, inefficient detectors with dark counts and lossy channels. We calculate the maximum secret key-generation ratefor up to three entanglement swapping stations by optimizing over resource parameters, and our numerical simulation shows that the range of quantum key distribution can in principle be markedly increased but at the expense of an…
Extending the eavesdropping strategy devised by Zhang, Li and Guo [Phys. Rev. A 63, 036301 (2001)], we show that the multiparty quantum communication protocol based on entanglement swapping, which was proposed by Cabello [quant-ph/0009025], is not secure. We modify the protocol so that entanglement swapping can secure multiparty quantum communication, such as multiparty quantum key distribution and quantum secret sharing of classical information, and show that the modified protocol is secure against the Zhang-Li-Guo's strategy for eavesdropping as well as the basic intercept-resend attack.
We propose an entanglement swapping of atomic states confined by cavities QED using a photonic Faraday rotation. Two schemes are considered in which we use three and four cavities, respectively, plus an additional circularly-polarized photon. After interacting with an atom trapped inside the cavity the system evolves to an entangled atom-photon state. The entanglement swapping is then achieved by a Bell-state measurement upon the entire atom-photon state.
Recently, Liu W et al. proposed a two-party quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol using entanglement swapping of Bell entangled state (Commun. Theor. Phys. 57(2012)583-588). Subsequently, Liu W J et al. pointed out that in Liu W et al.'s protocol, the TP can extract the two users' secret inputs without being detected by launching the Bell-basis measurement attack, and suggested the corresponding improvement to mend this loophole (Commun. Theor. Phys. 62(2014)210-214). In this paper, we first point out the information leakage problem toward TP existing in both of the above two protocols, an…
An entanglement concentration scheme for unknown atomic entanglement states is proposed via entanglement swapping in cavity QED. Because the interaction used here is a large-detuned one between two driven atoms and a quantized cavity mode, the effects of the cavity decay and thermal field have been eliminated. These advantages can warrant the experimental feasibility of the current scheme.
We introduce a class of two-level multi-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, and study entanglement swapping between two systems for Bell states and the class of GHZ states in qubit systems, respectively. We give the formulas for the entanglement swapping of Bell states and GHZ states in any number of qubit systems. We further consider entanglement swapping between any number of Bell states and between any number of the introduced GHZ states, and propose a series of entanglement swapping schemes in a detailed way. We illustrate the applications of such schemes in quantum informat…
In this paper, a bidirectional quantum teleportation protocol based on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs and entanglement swapping is proposed. In this scheme, two users can simultaneously transmit an unknown single-qubit state to each other. The implementation of the proposed scheme is easier in experiment as compared to previous work. By utilizing this bidirectional quantum teleportation protocol, a bidirectional quantum secure direct communication scheme without carrying secret message is presented. Therefore, in the case of using perfect quantum channel, the protocol is completely secure…
We investigate a scheme of atomic quantum memory to store photonic qubits in cavity QED. This is motivated on the recent observation that the quantum-state swapping between a single-photon pulse and a Lambda-type atom trapped in a cavity is ideally realized via scattering for some specific case in the strong coupling cavity regime [T. W. Chen, C. K. Law, and P. T. Leung, Phys. Rev. A 69, 063810 (2004)]. We derive a simple formula for calculating the fidelity of this atom-photon swapping for quantum memory. We further propose a feasible method which implements conditionally the quantum memory o…
In this paper, we present a quantum secure multi-party summation protocol, which allows multiple mutually distrustful parties to securely compute the summation of their secret data. In the presented protocol, a semitrusted third party is introduced to help multiple parties to achieve this secure task. Besides, the entanglement swapping of $d$-level cat states and Bell states is employed to securely transmit message between each party and the semitrusted third party. At last, its security against some common attacks is analyzed, which shows that the presented protocol is secure in theory.
Simultaneous quantum identity authentication scheme utilizing entanglement swapping with secret key preservation
针对QKD中经典身份认证方案的脆弱性问题，本研究基于受控安全直接量子通信概念提出新QIA协议，借助第三方Charlie和Bell态实现双用户同时认证，经分析可抵御多种已知攻击且优于同类协议。
We investigate quantum repeaters in the context of quantum key distribution. We optimize the secret key rate per memory per second with respect to different distillation protocols and distillation strategies. For this purpose, we also derive an analytical expression for the average number of entangled pairs created by the quantum repeater, including classical communication times for entanglement swapping and entanglement distillation. We investigate the impact of this classical communication time on the secret key rate. We finally study the effect of the detector efficiency on the secret key r…
Sequential vs. Synchronized Entanglement Swapping: QKD Secret-Key Rate under Optimized Link-Layer Control
该研究对比顺序与同步纠缠交换机制对QKD密钥率的影响，发现顺序机制在同构链中性能最高领先同步机制19.1%，同步机制在慢链路场景长存储器寿命时略优，选择需结合存储器寿命与链路配置。
A scheme is proposed here to achieve swapping and entangling of photonic and atomic qubits with high fidelity. The mechanism is based on the scattering of a single photon from a $Λ$-type three-level atom. The evolution of the coupled system is analyzed by projecting the quantum state onto a `bright' and a `dark' state. Quantum interference of these two states, which is determined by a frequency-dependent phase angle, can be exploited to perform various two-qubit transformations. It is remarkable that the probability of success of such transformations can approach unity in the strong coupling c…
In this paper, a semiquantum secret sharing (SQSS) protocol based on x-type states is proposed, which can accomplish the goal that only when two classical communicants cooperate together can they extract the shared secret key of a quantum communicant. Detailed security analysis turns out that this protocol is completely robust against an eavesdropper. This protocol has some merits: (1) it only requires one kind of quantum entangled state as the initial quantum resource; (2) it doesn't employ quantum entanglement swapping or unitary operations; and (3) it needn't share private keys among differ…
Single-state multiparty semiquantum secret sharing with d-dimensional Bell states
本文提出一种基于d维贝尔态的单态多方半量子秘密共享方案，仅用一种初始量子资源且无需纠缠交换和酉操作，即可实现多方协作恢复密钥，并能抵抗外部和参与者攻击。
In this paper, a secure quantum dialogue protocol via cavity QED is suggested by using the evolution law of atom in cavity QED. The present protocol employs both the two-step transmission and the unitary operation encoding. Two security checks are adopted to ensure its transmission security against the active attacks from an outside eavesdropper. The present protocol avoids the information leakage problem by using the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states via cavity QED together with the shared secret Bell state. Compared with the previous information leakage resistant quantum dial…
We propose an atomic quantum transistor based on exchange by virtual photons between two atomic systems through the control gate-atom. The quantum transistor is realized in two QED cavities coupled in nano-optical scheme. We have found novel effect in quantum dynamics of coupled three-node atomic system which provides control-SWAP(θ) processes in quantum transistor operation. New possibilities of quantum entanglement in an example of bright and dark qubit states have been demonstrated for quantum transport in the atomic chain. Potentialities of the proposed nano-optical design for quantum comp…
We present Authenticated Multiuser Quantum Direct Communication(MQDC) protocols using entanglement swapping. Quantum direct communication is believed to be a safe way to send a secret message without quantum key distribution. The authentication process in our protocol allows only proper users to participate in communication. In the communication stage after the authentication, any two authorized users among n users can communicate each other even though there is no quantum communication channels between them. For this protocol, we need only n quantum communication channels between the authenti…
In this paper, a novel controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol (CBQSDC) is proposed. In this scheme, both users can transmit their secret messages directly and simultaneously under the permission of the controller. The proposed method use feature of entanglement swapping which is led to more efficiency (lowest number of quantum resources (EPR pairs)), security and the lowest number of security checking steps. Also, a generalization of the protocol is explained and a protocol of CBQSDC-based network is presented.
Entanglement swapping systems toward a quantum internet
本研究展示了一种可部署的纠缠交换系统，在电信波长下实现高保真度纠缠隐形传态，并支持量子网络协议，为量子互联网奠定基础。
We propose an effective set of elementary quantum gates which provide an encoded universality and demonstrate the physical feasibility of these gates for the solid-state quantum computer based on the multi-atomic systems in the QED cavity. We use the two-qubit encoding and swapping-based operations to simplify a physical realization of universal quantum computing and add the immunity to a number of errors. This approach allows to implement any encoded single-qubit operation by three elementary gates and the encoded controlled- NOT operation can be performed in a single step. The considerable a…
A new protocol, quantum energy distribution (QED), is proposed in which multiple parties can simultaneously extract positive energy from spin chains by common secret keys shared by an energy supplier. QED is robust against impersonation; an adversary, who does not have a common secret key and attempts to get energy, will instead give energy to the spin chains. The total amount of energy transfer gives a lower bound of the residual energy of any local cooling process by the energy supplier.
We analyze the capacity of a simultaneous quantum secure direct communication scheme between the central party and other $M$ parties via $M+1$-particle GHZ states and swapping quantum entanglement. It is shown that the encoding scheme should be secret if other $M$ parties wants to transmit $M+1$ bit classical messages to the center party secretly. However when the encoding scheme is announced publicly, we prove that the capacity of the scheme in transmitting the secret messages is 2 bits, no matter how big $M$ is.
Broadcast encryption allows the sender to securely distribute his/her secret to a dynamically changing group of users over a broadcast channel. In this paper, we just consider a simple broadcast communication task in quantum scenario, which the central party broadcasts his secret to multi-receiver via quantum channel. We present three quantum broadcast communication schemes. The first scheme utilizes entanglement swapping and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state to realize a task that the central party broadcasts his secret to a group of receivers who share a group key with him. In the second sch…
Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) guarantees unconditional security of secret key without making assumptions about the internal workings of the devices used. It does so using the loophole-free violation of a Bell's inequality. The primary challenge in realizing DIQKD in practice is the detection loophole problem that is inherent to photonic tests of Bell's inequalities over lossy channels. We revisit the proposal of Curty and Moroder [Phys. Rev. A 84, 010304(R) (2011)] to use a linear optics-based entanglement-swapping relay (ESR) to counter this problem. We consider realisti…
A significant number of servers that constitute the Internet are to provide private data via private communication channels to mutually anonymous registered users. Such are the servers of banks, hospitals that provide cloud storage and many others. Replacing communication channels by maximally entangled states is a promising idea for the quantum-secured Internet (QI). While it is an important idea for large distances secure communication, for the case of the mentioned class of servers pure entanglement based solution is not only unnecessary but also opens a threat. A crack stimulating a node t…
We present a fake-signal-and-cheating attack strategy for the dishonest agent in quantum secret sharing (QSS) to steal the information of the other agents' fully and freely. It is found that almost all the QSS protocols existing, such as the two famous QSS protocols, the Hillery-Bu$\check{z}$ek-Berthiaume [Phys. Rev. A \textbf{59}, 1829 (1999)] and the Karlsson-Koashi-Imoto [Phys. Rev. A \textbf{59}, 162 (1999)], can be eavesdropped freely if the process for the eavesdropping check is accomplished with the cooperation of the dishonest agent. He can sends a fake signal to the other agents after…
Semiquantum private comparison via cavity QED
提出首个基于腔 QED 与原子演化规律的 SQPC 协议，使两个能力受限的半量子方在半诚实 TP 协助下比较私有输入是否相等，且无需酉操作、纠缠交换或延迟线，并可抵御内外部攻击。
We present an exact rate analysis for a secret key that can be shared among two parties employing a linear quantum repeater chain. One of our main motivations is to address the question whether simply placing quantum memories along a quantum communication channel can be beneficial in a realistic setting. The underlying model assumes deterministic entanglement swapping of single-spin quantum memories and it excludes probabilistic entanglement distillation, and thus two-way classical communication, on higher nesting levels. Within this framework, we identify the essential properties of any optim…
In the framework of cavity QED, we propose a quantum repeater scheme that uses coherent light and atoms coupled to optical cavities. In contrast to conventional schemes, we exploit solely the cavity QED evolution for the entire quantum repeater scheme and, thus, avoid any explicit execution of quantum logical gates. The entanglement distribution between the repeater nodes is realized with the help of pulses of coherent light interacting with the atom-cavity system in each repeater node. In our previous paper [D. Gonta and P. van Loock, Phys. Rev. A 86, 052312 (2012)], we already proposed a dyn…
A large payload bidirectional quantum secure direct communication (BQSDC) protocol without information leakage is proposed, which is based on entanglement swapping between any two GHZ states. Two remote authorized parties, Alice and Bob, can safely exchange their individual secret messages without worrying about the information leakage problem. Our protocol uses a shared secret GHZ state to overcome the information leakage problem. The shared secret GHZ state plays two roles in the bidirectional communication process: on one hand, it lets Bob know the prepared initial state; on the other hand,…
We propose a simultaneous quantum secure direct communication scheme between one party and other three parties via four-particle GHZ states and swapping quantum entanglement. In the scheme, three spatially separated senders, Alice, Bob and Charlie, transmit their secret messages to a remote receiver Diana by performing a series local operations on their respective particles according to the quadripartite stipulation. From Alice, Bob, Charlie and Diana's Bell measurement results, Diana can infer the secret messages. If a perfect quantum channel is used, the secret messages are faithfully transm…
The first quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol via cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is proposed in this paper by making full use of the evolution law of atom via cavity QED, where the third party (TP) is allowed to misbehave on his own but cannot conspire with either of the two users. The proposed protocol adopts two-atom product states rather than entangled states as the initial quantum resource, and only needs single-atom measurements for two users. Both the unitary operations and the quantum entanglement swapping operation are not necessary for the proposed protocol. The proposed p…
In this paper, a three party controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol based on GHZ like state is proposed. In this scheme, the receiver can obtain the sender s two secret bits under the permission of the controller. By using entanglement swapping, no qubits carrying secret messages are transmitted. Therefore, if the perfect quantum channel is used, the protocol is completely secure. The motivation behind utilizing GHZ like state as a quantum channel is that if a qubit is lost in the GHZ like state the other two qubits are still entangled. The proposed protocol improves the effic…
A novel hybrid protocol for semiquantum key distribution and semiquantum secret sharing
提出一种基于类GHZ态、同时实现SQKD与SQSS的混合协议，无需延迟线、Pauli操作、Hadamard门、纠缠交换或量子存储，并证明可抵御多种攻击。
We derive a formal connection between quantum data hiding and quantum privacy, confirming the intuition behind the construction of bound entangled states from which secret bits can be extracted. We present three main results. First, we show how to simplify the class of private states and related states via reversible local operation and one-way communication. Second, we obtain a bound on the one-way distillable entanglement of private states in terms of restricted relative entropy measures, which is tight in many cases and shows that protocols for one-way distillation of key out of states with…
Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) exploits the violation of a Bell inequality to extract secure key even if the users' devices are untrusted. Currently, all DIQKD protocols suffer from the secret key capacity bound, i.e., the secret key rate scales linearly with the transmittance of two users. Here we propose a heralded DIQKD scheme based on entangled coherent states to improve entangling rates whereby long-distance entanglement is created by single-photon-type interference. The secret key rate of our scheme can significantly outperform the traditional two-photon-type Bell-st…
A large payload quantum steganography protocol based on cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is presented in the paper, which effectively uses the evolution law of atom in cavity QED. The protocol builds up hidden channel to transmit secret messages using entanglement swapping between one GHZ state and one Bell state in cavity QED together with the Hadamard operation. The quantum steganography protocol is insensitive to cavity decay and thermal field. The capacity, imperceptibility and security against eavesdropping are analyzed in detail in the protocol. It turns out that the protocol not onl…
It is designed a new quantum cryptography protocol that generates various secret and secure keys of the same size of the transmitted qubits, implying zero information losses between the interlocutors. Besides, generates key swapping between the two recipients of photons, without even sharing a past between them. This protocol differs from BB84 just in the classic procedures, using a random seed and asymmetric cryptography.
Generation of entangled state is of paramount importance both from quantum theoretical foundation and technology applications. Entanglement swapping provides an efficient method to generate entanglement in quantum communication protocols. However, perfect Bell measurements for qudits, the key to entanglement swapping, have been proven impossible to achieve by using only linear elements and particle detectors. To avoid this bottleneck, we propose a novel scheme to generate entangled state including two-qubit entangled state, two-qudit entangled state, three-qubit GHZ state and three-qudit GHZ s…
We investigate schemes for quantum secret sharing and quantum dense coding via tripartite entangled states. We present a scheme for sharing classical information via entanglement swapping using two tripartite entangled GHZ states. In order to throw light upon the security affairs of the quantum dense coding protocol, we also suggest a secure quantum dense coding scheme via W state in analogy with the theory of sharing information among involved users.
In the framework of cavity QED, we propose a practical scheme to purify dynamically a bipartite entangled state using short chains of atoms coupled to high-finesse optical cavities. In contrast to conventional entanglement purification protocols, we avoid CNOT gates, thus reducing complicated pulse sequences and superfluous qubit operations. Our interaction scheme works in a deterministic way, and together with entanglement distribution and swapping, opens a route towards efficient quantum repeaters for long-distance quantum communication.
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