一维完全散射的时间方面：另一种观点
Temporal aspects of one-dimensional completed scattering: An alternative view
摘要：
粒子在静态一维势垒上的{ \it completed}散射是由两个基本子过程（透射和反射）组成的组合量子过程，这两个子过程在散射的所有阶段都是相干演化的，而在最后阶段是宏观上不同的。这个过程的现有模型显然不适合它的性质：所有的单粒子“可观测量”和“隧穿时间”，作为子过程的共同量引入，不能通过实验测量，因此没有物理意义;相反，为任何子过程引入的量都没有基础，因为在这个模型中，任何子过程的时间演化都是未知的。我们表明，波函数来描述一个完整的散射可以唯一地表示为两个解决方案的薛定谔方程，分别描述的子过程中的所有阶段的散射的总和。对于对称的势垒，这样的解决方案被发现明确。对于任何一个子过程，我们定义了粒子在势垒区平均花费的时间。我们把它定义为拉莫尔时间。事实证明，这个时间只是Buttiker在相应局域态上的平均停留时间。因此，首先，我们证明了已知的定义的本地停留时间介绍了豪格和同事以及由Leavens和Aers，现在这个时间可以测量;其次，我们确认，即Buttiker的停留时间给出了能量分布的隧道时间;第三，我们指出，所有的定义是有效的，只有当它们是基于波函数的传输和反射发现在我们的论文。此外，我们定义的精确和渐近的群时间是辅助定时的散射过程。
英文摘要：
A {\it completed} scattering of a particle on a static one-dimensional (1D) potential barrier is a combined quantum process to consist from two elementary sub-processes (transmission and reflection) evolved coherently at all stages of scattering and macroscopically distinct at the final stage. The existing model of the process is clearly inadequate to its nature: all one-particle "observables" and "tunneling times", introduced as quantities to be common for the sub-processes, cannot be experimentally measured and, consequently, have no physical meaning; on the contrary, quantities introduced for either sub-process have no basis, for the time evolution of either sub-process is unknown in this model. We show that the wave function to describe a completed scattering can be uniquely presented as the sum of two solutions to the Schrödinger equation, which describe separately the sub-processes at all stages of scattering. For symmetric potential barriers such solutions are found explicitly. For either sub-process we define the time spent, on the average, by a particle in the barrier region. We define it as the Larmor time. As it turned out, this time is just Buttiker's dwell time averaged over the corresponding localized state. Thus, firstly, we justify the known definition of the local dwell time introduced by Hauge and co-workers as well by Leavens and Aers, for now this time can be measured; secondly, we confirm that namely Buttiker's dwell time gives the energy-distribution for the tunneling time; thirdly, we state that all the definitions are valid only if they are based on the wave functions for transmission and reflection found in our paper. Besides, we define the exact and asymptotic group times to be auxiliary in timing the scattering process.
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