After a derivation of the quantum Bayes theorem, and a discussion of the reconstruction of the unknown state of identical spin systems by repeated measurements, the main part of this paper treats the problem of determining the unknown phase difference of two coherent sources by photon measurements. While the approach of this paper is based on computing correlations of actual measurements (photon detections), it is possible to derive indirectly a probability distribution for the phase difference. In this approach, the quantum phase is not an observable, but a parameter of an unknown quantum state. Photon measurements determine a probability distribution for the phase difference. The approach used in this paper takes into account both photon statistics and the finite efficiency of the detectors.
We present a joint-measurement uncertainty relation for a pair of mean square deviations of canonical variables averaged over Gaussian distributed quantum optical states. Our Bayesian formulation is free from the unbiasedness assumption, and enables us to quantify experimentally implemented joint-measurement devices by feeding a moderate set of coherent states. Our result also reproduces the most informative bound for quantum estimation of phase-space displacement in the case of pure Gaussian states.
I describe a method of inferring the past of quantum observables given the initial state and the subsequent measurement results using Wigner quasi-probability representations. The method is proved to be compatible with logic for large subclasses of quantum systems, including those that involve incompatible observables and can still exhibit some quantum features, such as the uncertainty relation, measurement backaction, and entanglement.
We consider continuous quantum measurement of a superconducting qubit in the circuit QED setup with a moderate bandwidth of the measurement resonator, i.e., when the "bad cavity" limit is not applicable. The goal is a simple description of the quantum evolution due to measurement, i.e., the measurement back-action. Extending the quantum Bayesian approach previously developed for the "bad cavity" regime, we show that the evolution equations remain the same, but now they should be applied to the entangled qubit-resonator state, instead of the qubit state alone. The derivation uses only elementar…
In quantum Bayesian inference problems, any conclusions drawn from a finite number of measurements depend not only on the outcomes of the measurements but also on a prior. Here we show that, in general, the prior remains important even in the limit of an infinite number of measurements. We illustrate this point with several examples where two priors lead to very different conclusions given the same measurement data.
Bayesian analysis is a framework for parameter estimation that applies even in uncertainty regimes where the commonly used local (frequentist) analysis based on the Cramér-Rao bound is not well defined. In particular, it applies when no initial information about the parameter value is available, e.g., when few measurements are performed. Here, we consider three paradigmatic estimation schemes in continuous-variable quantum metrology (estimation of displacements, phases, and squeezing strengths) and analyse them from the Bayesian perspective. For each of these scenarios, we investigate the prec…
Measurement error mitigation (MEM) techniques are postprocessing strategies to counteract systematic read-out errors on quantum computers (QC). Currently used MEM strategies face a tradeoff: methods that scale well with the number of qubits return negative probabilities, while those that guarantee a valid probability distribution are not scalable. Here, we present a scheme that addresses both of these issues. In particular, we present a scalable implementation of iterative Bayesian unfolding, a standard mitigation technique used in high-energy physics experiments. We demonstrate our method by …
Developing efficient framework for quantum measurements is of essential importance to quantum science and technology. In this work, for the important superconducting circuit-QED setup, we present a rigorous and analytic solution for the effective quantum trajectory equation (QTE) after polaron transformation and converted to the form of Stratonovich calculus. We find that the solution is a generalization of the elegant quantum Bayesian approach developed in arXiv:1111.4016 by Korotokov and currently applied to circuit-QED measurements. The new result improves both the diagonal and offdiagonal …
We show how a straightforward Bayesian updating procedure allows one to detect and quantify entanglement from any finite set of measurement results. The measurements do not have to be tomographically complete, and may consist of POVMs rather than von Neumann measurements. One obtains a probability that one's state is entangled and an estimate of any desired entanglement measure, including their error bars. As an example we consider (tomographically incomplete) spin correlation measurements on both 2-qubit and 3-qubit states. As byproducts we obtain estimates of the volume of entangled states v…
Measurement incompatibility in Bayesian multiparameter quantum estimation
Università di Parma（帕尔马大学）；INFN—Sezione di Milano-Bicocca（意大利国家核物理研究所米兰-比可卡分部）；Università di Firenze（佛罗伦萨大学）；University of Surrey（萨里大学）；University of Exeter（埃克塞特大学）
We introduce a Bayesian method for the estimation of single qubit errors in quantum devices, and use it to characterize these errors on three 27-qubit superconducting qubit devices. We self-consistently estimate up to seven parameters of each qubit's state preparation, readout, and gate errors, analyze the stability of these errors as a function of time, and demonstrate easily implemented approaches for mitigating different errors before a quantum computation experiment. On the investigated devices we find non-negligible qubit reset errors that cannot be parametrized as a diagonal mixed state,…
Nonlocality, one of the most remarkable aspects of quantum mechanics, is closely related to Bayesian game theory. Quantum mechanics can offer advantages to some Bayesian games, if the payoff functions are related to Bell inequalities in some way. Most of these Bayesian games that have been discussed are common interest games. Recently the first conflicting interest Bayesian game is proposed in Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 020401 (2015). In the present paper we present three new conflicting interest Bayesian games where quantum mechanics offers advantages. The first game is linked with Cereceda inequa…
We present a simple and efficient Bayesian recursive algorithm for the data-pattern scheme for quantum state reconstruction, which is applicable to situations where measurement settings can be controllably varied efficiently. The algorithm predicts the best measurements required to accurately reconstruct the unknown signal state in terms of a fixed set of probe states. In each iterative step, this algorithm seeks the measurement setting that minimizes the variance of the data-pattern estimator, which essentially measures the reconstruction accuracy, with the help of a data-pattern bank that wa…
We compare the accuracy, precision and reliability of different methods for estimating key system parameters for two-level systems subject to Hamiltonian evolution and decoherence. It is demonstrated that the use of Bayesian modelling and maximum likelihood estimation is superior to common techniques based on Fourier analysis. Even for simple two-parameter estimation problems, the Bayesian approach yields higher accuracy and precision for the parameter estimates obtained. It requires less data, is more flexible in dealing with different model systems, can deal better with uncertainty in initia…
In a quantum-Bayesian take on quantum mechanics, the Born Rule cannot be interpreted as a rule for setting measurement-outcome probabilities from an objective quantum state. But if not, what is the role of the rule? In this paper, we argue that it should be seen as an empirical addition to Bayesian reasoning itself. Particularly, we show how to view the Born Rule as a normative rule in addition to usual Dutch-book coherence. It is a rule that takes into account how one should assign probabilities to the consequences of various intended measurements on a physical system, but explicitly in terms…
Compared with the quantum trajectory equation, the quantum Bayesian approach has the advantage of being more efficient to infer quantum state under monitoring, based on the integrated output of measurement. For weak measurement of qubits in circuit quantum electrodynamics(cQED), properly accounting for the measurement backaction effects within the Bayesian framework is an important problem of current interest.Elegant work towards this task was carried out by Korotkov in "bad-cavity" and weak-response limits (arXiv:1111.4016).In the present work, based on insights from the cavity-field states (…
Optical phase measurement is a simple example of a quantum--limited measurement problem with important applications in metrology such as gravitational wave detection. The formulation of optimal strategies for such measurements is an important test-bed for the development of robust statistical methods for instrument evaluation. However, the class of possible distributions exhibits extreme pathologies not commonly encountered in conventional statistical analysis. To overcome these difficulties we reformulate the basic variational problem of optimal phase measurement within a Bayesian paradigm an…
The Ramsey sequence is a canonical example of a quantum phase measurement for a spin qubit. In Ramsey measurements, the measurement efficiency can be optimized through careful selection of settings for the phase accumulation time setting, $τ$. This paper implements a sequential Bayesian experiment design protocol for the phase accumulation time in low-fidelity Ramsey measurements, and performance is compared to both a previously reported adaptive heuristic protocol and random setting choices. A workflow allowing measurements and design calculations to run concurrently largely eliminates comput…
We present a simple formalism describing evolution of a qubit in the process of its measurement in a circuit QED setup. When a phase-sensitive amplifier is used, the evolution depends on only one output quadrature, and the formalism is the same as for a broadband setup. When a phase-preserving amplifier is used, the qubit evolution depends on two output quadratures. In both cases a perfect monitoring of the qubit state and therefore a perfect quantum feedback is possible.
In this letter we revisit the problem of optimal design of quantum tomographic experiments. In contrast to previous approaches where an optimal set of measurements is decided in advance of the experiment, we allow for measurements to be adaptively and efficiently re-optimised depending on data collected so far. We develop an adaptive statistical framework based on Bayesian inference and Shannon's information, and demonstrate a ten-fold reduction in the total number of measurements required as compared to non-adaptive methods, including mutually unbiased bases.
Despite their theoretical importance, dynamic Bayesian networks associated with quantum processes are currently not accessible experimentally. We here describe a general scheme to determine the multi-time path probability of a Bayesian network based on local measurements on independent copies of a composite quantum system combined with postselection. We further show that this protocol corresponds to a non-projective measurement. It thus allows the investigation of the multi-time properties of a given local observable while fully preserving all its quantum features.
Various noise models have been developed in quantum computing study to describe the propagation and effect of the noise which is caused by imperfect implementation of hardware. Identifying parameters such as gate and readout error rates are critical to these models. We use a Bayesian inference approach to identity posterior distributions of these parameters, such that they can be characterized more elaborately. By characterizing the device errors in this way, we can further improve the accuracy of quantum error mitigation. Experiments conducted on IBM's quantum computing devices suggest that o…
A process of preparation, transmission and subsequent projective measurement of a qubit can be simulated by a classical model with only two bits of communication and some amount of shared randomness. However no model for n qubits with a finite amount of classical communication is known at present. A lower bound for the communication cost can provide useful hints for a generalization. It is known for example that the amount of communication must be greater than c 2^n, where c~0.01. The proof uses a quite elaborate theorem of communication complexity. Using a mathematical conjecture known as the…
