A current-biased low-temperature superconducting Josephson junction (JJ) is dynamically describable by the quantized motion of a fictitious particle in a "washboard" potential. The long coherence time of tightly-bound states in the washboard potential of a JJ has prompted the effort to couple JJs and operate them as entangled qubits, capable of forming building blocks of a scalable quantum computer. Here we consider a hitherto unexplored quantum aspect of coupled JJs: the ability to produce Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement of their continuous variables, namely, their magnetic fluxes and induced charges. Such entanglement, apart from its conceptual novelty, is the prerequisite for a far-reaching goal: teleportation of the flux and charge variables between JJs, implementing the transfer of an unknown quantum state along a network of such devices.
We study the possibility to teleport an unkown quantum state onto the vibrational degree of freedom of a movable mirror. The quantum channel between the two parties is established by exploiting radiation pressure effects.
Teleportation of a quantum state may be used for distributing entanglement between distant qubits in quantum communication and for quantum computation. Here we demonstrate the implementation of a teleportation protocol, up to the single-shot measurement step, with superconducting qubits coupled to a microwave resonator. Using full quantum state tomography and evaluating an entanglement witness, we show that the protocol generates a genuine tripartite entangled state of all three-qubits. Calculating the projection of the measured density matrix onto the basis states of two qubits allows us to r…
With the recent development of optomechanics, the vibration in solids, involving collective motion of trillions of atoms, gradually enters into the realm of quantum control. Built on the recent remarkable progress in optical control of motional states of diamonds, here we report an experimental demonstration of quantum teleportation from light beams to vibrational states of a macroscopic diamond under ambient conditions. Through quantum process tomography, we demonstrate average teleportation fidelity (90.6+/- 1.0)%, clearly exceeding the classical limit of 2/3. The experiment pushes the targe…
In this paper we propose a scheme to implement a quantum teleportation based on the current experimental design [Nature (London) 431, 162 (2004); ibid 445, 515 (2007)] in which superconducting charge qubits are capacitively coupled to a single high-Q superconducting coplanar resonator. As advantage of this architecture, it permits the use of multiqubit gates between non-nearest qubits and the realization of parallel gates. We consider the case of two qubits inside the resonator, where the teleportation is accomplished.
We study an isolated, perfectly reflecting, mirror illuminated by an intense laser pulse. We show that the resulting radiation pressure efficiently entangles a mirror vibrational mode with the two reflected optical sideband modes of the incident carrier beam. The entanglement of the resulting three-mode state is studied in detail and it is shown to be robust against the mirror mode temperature. We then show how this continuous variable entanglement can be profitably used to teleport an unknown quantum state of an optical mode onto the vibrational mode of the mirror.
We introduce a quantum teleportation scheme that can transfer a macroscopic spin coherent state between two locations. In the scheme a large number of copies of a qubit, such as realized in a coherent two-component Bose-Einstein condensate, is teleported onto a distant macroscopic spin coherent state using only elementary operations and measurements. We analyze the error of the protocol with the number of particles N in the spin coherent state under decoherence and find that it scales favorably with N.
Quantum teleportation is an essential quantum operation by which we can transfer an unknown quantum state to a remote location with the help of quantum entanglement and classical communication. Since the first experimental demonstrations using photonic qubits and continuous variables, the distance of photonic quantum teleportation over free space channels has continued to increase and has reached >100 km. On the other hand, quantum teleportation over optical fiber has been challenging, mainly because the multi-fold photon detection that inevitably accompanies quantum teleportation experiments …
Transferring the state of an information carrier from a sender to a receiver is an essential primitive in both classical and quantum communication and information processing. In a quantum process known as teleportation the unknown state of a quantum bit can be relayed to a distant party using shared entanglement and classical information. Here we present experiments in a solid-state system based on superconducting quantum circuits demonstrating the teleportation of the state of a qubit at the macroscopic scale. In our experiments teleportation is realized deterministically with high efficiency…
A set of protocols for atomic quantum state teleportation and swapping utilizing Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen light is proposed. The protocols are suitable for collective spin states of a macroscopic sample of atoms, i.e. for continuous atomic variables. Feasibility of experimental realization for teleportation of a gas sample of atoms is analyzed.
The modern field of quantum communication thrives on promise to deliver efficient and unconditionally secure ways to exchange information by exploiting quantum laws of physics. Here, quantum teleportation stands out as an exemplary protocol allowing for the disembodied and safe transfer of unknown quantum states using quantum entanglement and classical communication as resources. The experimental feasibility of quantum teleportation with propagating waves, relevant to communication scenarios, has been demonstrated in various physical settings. However, an analogous implementation of quantum te…
We study the effects of relativistic motion on quantum teleportation and propose a realizable experiment where our results can be tested. We compute bounds on the optimal fidelity of teleportation when one of the observers undergoes non-uniform motion for a finite time. The upper bound to the optimal fidelity is degraded due to the observer's motion however, we discuss how this degradation can be corrected. These effects are observable for experimental parameters that are within reach of cutting-edge superconducting technology. Our setup will further provide guidance for future space-based exp…
We propose an experimentally feasible scheme to teleport an unkown quantum state onto the vibrational degree of freedom of a macroscopic mirror. The quantum channel between the two parties is established by exploiting radiation pressure effects.
We propose a protocol to achieve high fidelity quantum state teleportation of a macroscopic atomic ensemble using a pair of quantum-correlated atomic ensembles. We show how to prepare this pair of ensembles using quasiperfect quantum state transfer processes between light and atoms. Our protocol relies on optical joint measurements of the atomic ensemble states and magnetic feedback reconstruction.
Quantum teleportation is an important ingredient in distributed quantum networks, and can also serve as an elementary operation in quantum computers. Teleportation was first demonstrated as a transfer of a quantum state of light onto another light beam; later developments used optical relays and demonstrated entanglement swapping for continuous variables. The teleportation of a quantum state between two single material particles (trapped ions) has now also been achieved. Here we demonstrate teleportation between objects of a different nature - light and matter, which respectively represent 'fl…
We demonstrate experimentally the creation and measurement of an entangled state between a microscopic two level system and a macroscopic superconducting resonator where their indirect interaction is mediated by an artificial atom, a superconducting persistent current qubit (PCQB). We show that the microscopic two level system, formed by a defect in an oxide layer, exhibits an order of magnitude longer dephasing time than the PCQB, while the dephasing time of the entangled states between the microscopic two level system and macroscopic superconducting resonator is significantly longer than the…
We propose a deterministic scheme for teleporting an unknown qubit through continuous-variable entangled states in superconducting circuits. The qubit is a superconducting two-level system and the bipartite quantum channel is a photonic entangled coherent state between two cavities. A Bell-type measurement performed on the hybrid state of solid and photonic states brings a discrete-variable unknown electronic state to a continuous-variable photonic cat state in a cavity mode. This scheme further enables applications for quantum information processing in the same architecture of circuit-QED suc…
We propose a method for quantum state transfer from one atom laser beam to another via an intermediate optical field, using Raman incoupling and outcoupling techniques. Our proposal utilises existing experimental technologies to teleport macroscopic matter waves over potentially large distances without shared entanglement.
Prototype Josephson-junction based qubit coherence times are too short for quantum computing. Recent experiments probing superconducting phase qubits have revealed previously unseen fine splittings in the transition energy spectra. These splittings have been attributed to new microscopic degrees of freedom (microresonators), a previously unknown source of decoherence. We show that macroscopic resonant tunneling in the extremely asymmetric double well potential of the phase qubit can have observational consequences that are strikingly similar to the observed data.
Quantum teleportation is a key ingredient of quantum networks and a building block for quantum computation. Teleportation between distant material objects using light as the quantum information carrier has been a particularly exciting goal. Here we demonstrate a new element of the quantum teleportation landscape, the deterministic continuous variable (cv) teleportation between distant material objects. The objects are macroscopic atomic ensembles at room temperature. Entanglement required for teleportation is distributed by light propagating from one ensemble to the other. Quantum states encod…
We study a quantum teleportation scheme between two nanomechanical modes without local interaction. The nanomechanical modes are linearly coupled to and connected by the continuous variable modes of a superconducting circuit consisting of a transmission line and Josephson junctions. We calculate the fidelity of transferring Gaussian states at finite temperature and non-unit detector efficiency. For coherent state, a fidelity above the classical limit of 1/2 can be achieved for a large range of parameters.
Quantum error correcting codes (QECC) are the key ingredients both for fault-tolerant quantum computation and quantum communication. Teleportation-based error correction (TEC) helps in detecting and correcting operational and erasure errors by performing X and Z measurements during teleportation. Here we demonstrate the TEC protocol for the detection and correction of a single bit-flip error by proposing a new quantum circuit. A single phase-flip error can also be detected and corrected using the above protocol. For the first time, we illustrate detection and correction of erasure error in the…
Quantum mechanics provides spectacular new information processing abilities (Bennett 1995, Preskill 1998). One of the most unexpected is a procedure called quantum teleportation (Bennett et al 1993) that allows the quantum state of a system to be transported from one location to another, without moving through the intervening space. Partial implementations of teleportation (Bouwmeester et al 1997, Boschi et al 1998) over macroscopic distances have been achieved using optical systems, but omit the final stage of the teleportation procedure. Here we report an experimental implementation of the f…
The influence of gravitational field on entanglement of bipartite states is investigated based on the recent idea of superposition states of gravitational field. Different from earlier considerations, we study the case where the gravitational field cannot be separated unitarily from the bipartite system in the final stage of the interaction. When the different gravitational field states are orthogonal, entanglement cannot be generated for an initial product state. If the different gravitational field states are non-orthogonal, entanglement can be generated and the amount of generated entanglem…
We propose and analyse a practically implementable scheme to generate macroscopic entanglement of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a micro-magnetic trap magnetically coupled to a superconducting loop. We treat the superconducting loop in a quantum superposition of two different flux states coupled with the magnetic trap to generate macroscopic entanglement. Our scheme also provides a platform to realise interferometry of entangled atoms through the Bose-Einstein condensate and to explore physics at the quantum-classical interface.
We propose how to generate macroscopic quantum superposition states using a microwave cavity containing a superconducting charge qubit. Based on the measurement of charge states, we show that the superpositions of two macroscopically distinguishable coherent states of a single-mode cavity field can be generated by a controllable interaction between a cavity field and a charge qubit. After such superpositions of the cavity field are created, the interaction can be switched off by the classical magnetic field, and there is no information transfer between the cavity field and the charge qubit. We…
We propose a scheme for quantum teleportation between two qubits, coupled sequentially to a cavity field. An implementation of the scheme is analyzed with superconducting qubits and a transmission line resonator, where measurements are restricted to continuous probing of the field leaking from the resonator rather than instantaneous projective Bell state measurement. We show that the past quantum state formalism [S. Gammelmark et al, Phys. Rev. 111, 160401] can be successfully applied to estimate what would have been the most likely Bell measurement outcome conditioned on our continuous signal…
Here, a physical formalism is proposed for an unconditional microwave quantum teleportation of Gaussian states via two-mode squeezed states in lossy environments. The proposed formalism is controllable to be used in both the fridge and free space in case of entanglement between two parties survives. Some possible experimental parameters are estimated for the teleportation of microwave signals with a frequency of 5GHz based on the proposed physical framework. This would be helpful for superconducting inter- and intra-fridge quantum communication as well as open-air quantum microwave communicati…
The theory of quantum information provides a common language which links disciplines ranging from cosmology to condensed-matter physics. For example, the delocalization of quantum information in strongly-interacting many-body systems, known as quantum information scrambling, has recently begun to unite our understanding of black hole dynamics, transport in exotic non-Fermi liquids, and many-body analogs of quantum chaos. To date, verified experimental implementations of scrambling have dealt only with systems comprised of two-level qubits. Higher-dimensional quantum systems, however, may exhib…
We show how to construct a universal set of quantum logic gates using control over exchange interactions and single- and two-spin measurements only. Single-spin unitary operations are teleported instead of being executed directly, thus eliminating a major difficulty in the construction of several of the most promising proposals for solid-state quantum computation, such as spin-coupled quantum dots, donor-atom nuclear spins in silicon, and electrons on helium. Contrary to previous proposals dealing with this difficulty, our scheme requires no encoding redundancy. We also discuss an application …
A model of repeated quantum measurements of magnetic flux in superconducting circuits manifesting tunneling is discussed. The perturbation due to the previous measurements of magnetic flux is always present unless quantum nondemolition measurements are performed. By replacing the classical notion of noninvasivity with this condition, temporal Bell-like inequalities allows one to test the observability at the macroscopic level of the conflict between realism and quantum theory.
In this paper we explore the quantum behaviour of a SQUID ring which has a significant Josephson coupling energy. We show that that the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian for the ring can be used to create macroscopic quantum superposition states of the ring. We also show that the ring potential may be utilised to squeeze coherent states. With the SQUID ring as a strong contender as a device for manipulating quantum information, such properties may be of great utility in the future. However, as with all candidate systems for quantum technologies, decoherence is a fundamental problem. In this pa…
We theoretically study macroscopic entanglement between a magnetically trapped Bose-Einstein condensate and a superconducting loop. We treat the superconducting loop in a quantum superposition of two different flux states coupling with the magnetic trap to generate macroscopic entanglement. The scheme also provides a platform to investigate interferometry with an entangled Bose Einstein condensate and to explore physics at the quantum-classical interface.
With the rapid progress of quantum information these recent years, it becomes more and more relevant to dedicate efforts in introducing this research topic to undergraduate students. However, as if in various fields of physics the theoretical learning is closely accompanied with experimental illustrations, such a teaching method can be expensive to organise for quantum information. We propose one way to circumvent these difficulties by using the recently made available 5-qubit quantum processor of IBM, in order to illustrate quantum information tasks, by actually implementing them on the super…
We propose an efficient approach to prepare Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs in currently existing Josephson nanocircuits with capacitive couplings. In these fixed coupling circuits, two-qubit logic gates could be easily implemented while, strictly speaking, single-qubit gates cannot be easily realized. For a known two-qubit state, conditional single-qubit operation could still be designed to evolve only the selected qubit and keep the other qubit unchanged; the rotation of the selected qubit depends on the state of the other one. These conditional single-qubit operations allow to determini…
We report the observation of quantum jumps between macroscopic quantum states in a superconducting phase qubit coupled to the two-level systems in the Josephson tunnel junction, and all key features of quantum jumps are confirmed in the experiments. Moreover, quantum jumps can be used to calibrate such two-level systems, which are believed to be one of the main decoherence sources in Josephson devices.
Quantum teleportation is essential for many quantum information technologies including long-distance quantum networks. Using fiber-coupled devices, including state-of-the-art low-noise superconducting nanowire single photon detectors and off-the-shelf optics, we achieve quantum teleportation of time-bin qubits at the telecommunication wavelength of 1536.5 nm. We measure teleportation fidelities of >=90% that are consistent with an analytical model of our system, which includes realistic imperfections. To demonstrate the compatibility of our setup with deployed quantum networks, we teleport qub…
In the microscopic world, multipartite entanglement has been achieved with various types of nanometer sized two-level systems such as trapped ions, atoms and photons. On the macroscopic scale ranging from micrometers to millimeters, recent experiments have demonstrated bipartite and tripartite entanglement for electronic quantum circuits with superconducting Josephson junctions. It remains challenging to bridge these largely different length scales by constructing hybrid quantum systems. Doing this may allow for manipulating the entanglement of individual microscopic objects separated by macro…
Lattice surgery for near-term experimental logical qubit entanglement creation in planar architectures
Institute for Theoretical Nanoelectronics (PGI-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich（于利希研究中心理论纳米电子学研究所）；Institute for Quantum Information, RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学量子信息研究所）；Department of Physics, ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院物理系）；ETH Zurich - PSI Quantum Computing Hub, Paul Scherrer Institute（保罗谢勒研究所苏黎世联邦理工学院-PSI量子计算中心）；Quantum Center, ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院量子中心）
Pump-Free Microwave-Optical Bell Pair Generation for Teleportation-Based Quantum Transduction
University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）；Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago（普里茨克分子工程学院）；Q-NEXT, Argonne National Laboratory（Q-NEXT，阿贡国家实验室）；Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory（材料科学部，阿贡国家实验室）
The coherent transduction between microwave and optical frequencies is critical to interconnect superconducting quantum processors over long distances. However, it is challenging to establish such a quantum interface with high efficiency and small added noise based on the standard direct conversion scheme. Here, we propose a transduction scheme based on continuous-variable quantum teleportation. Reliable quantum information transmission can be realized with an arbitrarily small cooperativity, in contrast to the direct conversion scheme which requires a large minimum cooperativity. We show that…
We theoretically study the macroscopic quantum tunneling (MQT) in a hetero Josephson junction formed by a conventional single-gap superconductor and a multi-gap one such as ${MgB}_{2}$ and iron-based superconductors. In such a Josephson junction more than one phase differences are defined. We clarify the quantum dynamics of the phase differences and construct a theory for the MQT in the multi-gap Josephson junctions. The dynamics of the phase differences are strongly affected by the Josephson-Leggett mode, which is the out-of-phase oscillation mode of the phase differences. The escape rate is …
Going beyond the entanglement of microscopic objects (such as photons, spins, and ions), here we propose an efficient approach to produce and control the quantum entanglement of three macroscopic coupled superconducting qubits. By conditionally rotating, one by one, selected Josephson charge qubits, we show that their Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled states can be deterministically generated. The existence of GHZ correlations between these qubits could be experimentally demonstrated by effective single-qubit operations followed by high-fidelity single-shot readouts. The possibility …
Macroscopic realism is the name for a class of modifications to quantum theory that allow macroscopic objects to be described in a measurement-independent manner, while largely preserving a fully quantum mechanical description of the microscopic world. Objective collapse theories are examples which aim to solve the quantum measurement problem through modified dynamical laws. Whether such theories describe nature, however, is not known. Here we describe and implement an experimental protocol capable of constraining theories of this class, that is more noise tolerant and conceptually transparent…
The hybridization of distinct quantum systems is now seen as an effective way to engineer the properties of an entire system leading to applications in quantum metamaterials, quantum simulation, and quantum metrology. One well known example is superconducting circuits coupled to ensembles of microscopic natural atoms. In such cases, the properties of the individual atom are intrinsic, and so are unchangeable. However, current technology allows us to fabricate large ensembles of macroscopic artificial atoms such as superconducting flux qubits, where we can really tailor and control the properti…
