相对自由度的测量诱导局部化
Measurement Induced Localization of Relative Degrees of Freedom
摘要：
我们提出了一个全面的研究，使用分析和数值方法，测量引起的本地化的相关自由度。首先看两个光学模式的干涉，我们发现，相对相位的本地化可以很好的混合状态-特别是对于两个初始泊松或热状态-作为众所周知的情况下，两个福克状态。在一个现实的设置混合状态的本地化是强大的和实验访问，我们讨论了应用程序的超选择规则。对于一个理想的设置和初始福克态，我们展示了如何出现一个关系薛定谔猫态，并调查的情况下，这种状态被摧毁。在我们的第二个例子中，我们考虑两个玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体之间的相对原子相位的局部化，特别是在空间干涉图案的建立，一个领域，吸引了很多关注，因为Javanainen和Yoo的工作。我们发现，相对相位本地化速度远远快于以往的研究中所暗示的新兴的干扰模式本身。最后，我们探讨了Rau，Dunningham和Burnett最近的工作中讨论的相对空间参数的本地化。我们保留了他们的不可分辨散射模型，但做了不同的假设。特别是，我们考虑的情况下，一个真正的遥远的观察者监测光散射两个粒子，谁记录的事件只从一个狭窄的视野。无论观测的数量如何，局部化都只是部分的。本文有助于更广泛的辩论关系在量子力学，它对待基本概念-参考系和守恒定律-从一个完全量子和操作的角度。
英文摘要：
We present a comprehensive study, using both analytical and numerical methods, of measurement-induced localization of relational degrees of freedom. Looking first at the interference of two optical modes, we find that the localization of the relative phase can be as good for mixed states - in particular for two initially Poissonian or thermal states - as for the well-known case of two Fock states. In a realistic setup the localization for mixed states is robust and experimentally accessible, and we discuss applications to superselection rules. For an ideal setup and initial Fock states we show how a relational Schrödinger cat state emerges, and investigate circumstances under which such a state is destroyed. In our second example we consider the localization of relative atomic phase between two Bose Einstein condensates, looking particularly at the build up of spatial interference patterns, an area which has attracted much attention since the work of Javanainen and Yoo. We show that the relative phase localizes much faster than was intimated in previous studies focusing on the emerging interference pattern itself. Finally, we explore the localization of relative spatial parameters discussed in recent work by Rau, Dunningham and Burnett. We retain their models of indistinguishable scattering but make different assumptions. In particular we consider the case of a real distant observer monitoring light scattering off two particles, who records events only from a narrow field of view. The localization is only partial regardless of the number of observations. This paper contributes to the wider debate on relationism in quantum mechanics, which treats fundamental concepts - reference frames and conservation laws - from a fully quantum and operational perspective.
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