Vahid Karimipour, Nayereh Majd
We show how one can implement any local quantum gate on specific qubits in an array of qubits by carrying adiabatically a Hamiltonian around a closed loop. We find the exact form of the loop and the Hamiltonian for implementing general one and two qubits gates. Our method is analytical and is not based on numerical search in the space of all loops.
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We present a nonlocal construction of universal gates by means of holonomic (geometric) quantum teleportation. The effect of the errors from imperfect control of the classical parameters, the looping variation of which builds up holonomic gates, is investigated. Additionally, the influence of quantum decoherence on holonomic teleportation used as a computational primitive is studied. Advantages of the holonomic implementation with respect to control errors and dissipation are presented.
Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation uses non-Abelian geometric phases to implement a universal set of quantum gates that are robust against control imperfections and decoherence. Until now, a number of three-level-based schemes of nonadiabatic holonomic computation have been put forward, and several of them have been experimentally realized. However, all these works are based on the same class of nonadiabatic paths, which originates from the first nonadiabatic holonomic proposal. Here, we propose a universal set of nonadiabatic holonomic gates based on an extended class of nonadiabatic …
Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation has attracted increasing interest because of its robustness. In this paper, based on the shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA), we propose a scheme to construct a three-qubit nonadiabatic holonomic gate in a cavity quantum electrodynamics system. In the scheme, the three-qubit holonomic gate is implemented in a single step. Besides, numerical simulations show that the constructed holonomic quantum gate holds the characteristics of high-fidelity, decoherence-resistance and error-immunity.
Non-adiabatic holonomic quantum computation has received increasing attention due to its robustness against control errors. However, all the previous schemes have to use at least two sequentially implemented gates to realize a general one-qubit gate. In this paper, we put forward a novelty scheme by which one can directly realize an arbitrary holonomic one-qubit gate with a single-shot implementation, avoiding the extra work of combining two gates into one. Based on a three-level model driven by laser pulses, we show that any single-qubit holonomic gate can be realized by varying the detuning,…
Previous schemes of nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation were focused mainly on realizing a universal set of elementary gates. Multiqubit controlled gates could be built by decomposing them into a series of the universal gates. In this article, we propose an approach for realizing nonadiabatic holonomic multiqubit controlled gates in which a $(n+1)$-qubit controlled-$(\boldsymbol{\mathrm{n}\cdot \mathrmσ})$ gate is realized by $(2n-1)$ basic operations instead of decomposing it into the universal gates, whereas an $(n+1)$-qubit controlled arbitrary rotation gate can be obtained by combin…
We investigate the combinatorial structures of a holonomic controlled quantum gate based on toric varieties. In particular, we in detail discuss the combinatorial structures of a two-qubit holonomic controlled quantum gate on a two-qubit, a three-qubit, and a four-qubit quantum states. Our results show interesting relations between toric varieties of qubit systems and action of a two-qubit holonomic quantum gate on multi-qubit states.
We generalize nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation in a resonant $Λ$ configuration proposed in [New J. Phys. 14 (2012) 103035] to the case of off-resonant driving lasers. We show that any single-qubit holonomic gate can be realized by separately varying the detuning, amplitude, and phase of the lasers.
Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation has received increasing attention due to its robustness against control errors as well as high-speed realization. The original protocol of nonadiabatic holonomic one-qubit gates has been experimentally demonstrated with superconducting transmon qutrit. However, the original protocol requires two noncommuting gates to realize an arbitrary one-qubit gate, which doubles the exposure time of gates to error sources and therefore makes the gates vulnerable to environment-induced decoherence. Single-shot protocol was subsequently proposed to realize an arbit…
Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation provides the means to perform fast and robust quantum gates by utilizing the resilience of non-Abelian geometric phases to fluctuations of the path in state space. While the original scheme [New J. Phys. {\bf 14}, 103035 (2012)] needs two loops in the Grassmann manifold (i.e., the space of computational subspaces of the full state space) to generate an arbitrary holonomic one-qubit gate, we propose single-loop one-qubit gates that constitute an efficient universal set of holonomic gates when combined with an entangling holonomic two-qubit gate. Our on…
We exactly construct one- and two-qubit holonomic quantum gates in terms of isospectral deformations of an Ising model Hamiltonian. A single logical qubit is constructed out of two spin-1/2 particles; the qubit is a dimer. We find that the holonomic gates obtained are discrete but dense in the unitary group. Therefore an approximate gate for a desired one can be constructed with arbitrary accuracy.
Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation has received increasing attention due to its robustness against control errors. However, all the previous schemes have to use at least two sequentially implemented gates to realize a general one-qubit gate. Based on two recent works, we construct two Hamiltonians and experimentally realized nonadiabatic holonomic gates by a single-shot implementation in a two-qubit nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system. Two noncommuting one-qubit holonomic gates, rotating along $\hat{x}$ and $\hat{z}$ axes respectively, are implemented by evolving a work qubit and a…
We implement a non-adiabatic universal set of holonomic quantum gates based on abelian holonomies using dynamical invariants, by Lie-algebraic methods. Unlike previous implementations, presented scheme does not rely on secondary methods such as double-loop or spin-echo and avoids associated experimental difficulties. It turns out that such gates exist purely in the non-adiabatic regime for these systems.
Adiabatic quantum gate implementation generally takes longer time, which is disadvantageous in view of decoherence. In this report we implement several essential one-qubit quantum gates nonadiabatically by making use of a dynamical invariant associated with a Hamiltonian. Moreover we require that these gates be holonomic, that is, the dynamical phases associated with the gates vanish. Our implementation is based on our recent work [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 83, 034001 (2014)] and the gate parameters required for the implementations are found by numerical optimization.
We present a numerical study of the robustness of a specific class of non-abelian holonomic quantum gates . We take into account the parametric noise due to stochastic fluctuations of the control fields which drive the time-dependent Hamiltonian along an adiabatic loop. The performance estimator used is the state fidelity between noiseless and noisy holonomic gates. We carry over our analysis with different correlation times and we find out that noisy holonomic gates seem to be close to the noiseless ones for 'short' and 'long' noise correlation times. This result can be interpreted as a conse…
Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation in decoherence-free subspaces has attracted increasing attention recently, as it allows for high-speed implementation and combines both the robustness of holonomic gates and the coherence stabilization of decoherence-free subspaces. Since the first protocol of nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation in decoherence-free subspaces, a number of schemes for its physical implementation have been put forward. However, all previous schemes require two noncommuting gates to realize an arbitrary one-qubit gate, which doubles the exposure time of gates to er…
Estimate of the time required to perform a nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation
该研究建立了量子门的等几何不等式以给出非绝热几何量子计算的执行时间下界，推导了时间估计式，证明特定维度下不等式紧且门可时间最优实现，并验证了已有通用门方案的时间最优性。
We consider one possible implementation of Hadamard gate for optical and ion trap holonomic quantum computers. The expression for its fidelity determining the gate stability with respect to the errors in the single-mode squeezing parameter control is analytically derived. We demonstrate by means of this expression the cancellation of the squeezing control errors up to the fourth order on their magnitude.
This is a brief overview of quantum holonomies in the context of quantum computation. We choose an adequate set of quantum logic gates, namely, a phase gate, the Hadamard gate, and a conditional-phase gate and show how they can be implemented by purely geometric means. Such gates may be more resilient to certain types of errors.
Among existing approaches to holonomic quantum computing, the adiabatic holonomic quantum gates (HQGs) suffer errors due to decoherence, while the non-adiabatic HQGs either require additional Hilbert spaces or are difficult to scale. Here, we report a systematic, scalable approach based on dynamical invariants to realize HQGs without using additional Hilbert spaces. While presenting the theoretical framework of our approach, we design and experimentally evaluate single-qubit and two-qubits HQGs for the nuclear magnetic resonance system. The single-qubit gates acquire average fidelity 0.9972 by…
Quantum computation with quantum gates induced by geometric phases is regarded as a promising strategy in fault tolerant quantum computation, due to its robustness against operational noises. However, because of the parametric restriction of previous schemes, the main robust advantage of holonomic quantum gates is smeared. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a solution scheme, demonstrating nonadiabatic holonomic single qubit quantum gates with optimal control in a trapped Yb ion based on three level systems with resonant drives, which also hold the advantages of fast evolution and convenient …
Holonomic quantum computation uses non-Abelian geometric phases to realize error resilient quantum gates. Nonadiabatic holonomic gates are particularly suitable to avoid unwanted decoherence effects, as they can be performed at high speed. By letting the computational system interact with a structured environment, we show that the scope of error resilience of nonadiabatic holonomic gates can be widened to include systematic parameter errors. Our scheme maintains the geometric properties of the evolution and results in an environment-assisted holonomic quantum map that can mimic the effect of a…
Steering paths mid-flight for fault-tolerance in measurement-based holonomic gates
本研究提出了一种通过实时反馈校准霍诺尼克路径的容错方法，以实现测量基霍诺尼克门的高可靠性。
Among the many proposals for the realization of a quantum computer, holonomic quantum computation (HQC) is distinguished from the rest in that it is geometrical in nature and thus expected to be robust against decoherence. Here we analyze the realization of various quantum gates by solving the inverse problem: Given a unitary matrix, we develop a formalism by which we find loops in the parameter space generating this matrix as a holonomy. We demonstrate for the first time that such a one-qubit gate as the Hadamard gate and such two-qubit gates as the CNOT gate, the SWAP gate and the discrete F…
We provide a unified geometrical description for analyzing the stability of holonomic quantum gates in the presence of imprecise driving controls (parametric noise). We consider the situation in which these fluctuations do not affect the adiabatic evolution but can reduce the logical gate performance. Using the intrinsic geometric properties of the holonomic gates, we show under which conditions on noise's correlation time and strength, the fluctuations in the driving field cancel out. In this way, we provide theoretical support to previous numerical simulations. We also briefly comment on the…
Experimental Demonstration of a Brachistochrone Nonadiabatic Holonomic Quantum-Gate Scheme in a Trapped Ion
该研究提出了一种在俘获离子中实现非绝热拓扑量子门的新方法，通过比较不同协议发现布雷奇斯托克罗内非绝热拓扑量子门在速度与鲁棒性方面表现更优。
Universal quantum gates by nonadiabatic holonomic evolution for the surface electron
本文提出在表面电子系统中利用非均匀磁场耦合Rydberg态与自旋态，通过非绝热完整演化实现高保真度任意受控U门，为二维平台量子计算提供鲁棒方案。
The robustness to different sources of error of the scheme for non-adiabatic holonomic gates proposed in [New J. Phys. {\bf 14}, 103035 (2012)] is investigated. Open system effects as well as errors in the driving fields are considered. It is found that the gates can be made error resilient by using sufficiently short pulses. The principal limit of how short the pulses can be made is given by the breakdown of the quasi-monochromatic approximation. A comparison with the resilience of adiabatic gates is carried out.
Non Abelian geometric phases are attracting increasing interest because of possible experimental application in quantum computation. We study the effects of the environment (modelled as an ensemble of harmonic oscillators) on a holonomic transformation and write the corresponding master equation. The solution is analytically and numerically investigated and the behavior of the fidelity analyzed: fidelity revivals are observed and an optimal finite operation time is determined at which the gate is most robust against noise.
Non-adiabatic holonomic quantum gate in decoherence-free subspaces is of greatly practical importance due to its built-in fault tolerance, coherence stabilization virtues, and short run-time. Here we propose some compact schemes to implement two- and three-qubit controlled unitary quantum gates and Fredkin gate. For the controlled unitary quantum gates, the unitary operator acting on the target qubit is an arbitrary single-qubit gate operation. The controlled quantum gates can be directly implemented using non-adiabatic holonomy in decoherence-free subspaces and the required resource for the d…
Quantum state manipulation with gates based on geometric phases acquired during cyclic operations promises inherent fault-tolerance and resilience to local fluctuations in the control parameters. Here we create a general non-Abelian and non-adiabatic holonomic gate acting in the $(\ket{0},\ket{2})$ subspace of a three-level transmon fabricated in a fully coplanar design. Experimentally, this is realized by simultaneously coupling the first two transitions by microwave pulses with amplitudes and phases defined such that the condition of parallel transport is fulfilled. We demonstrate the creati…
Speeding up adiabatic holonomic quantum gates via $π$-pulse modulation
提出基于$π$脉冲调制的快速绝热完整子量子门方案，沿参数空间测地线引导哈密顿量并离散施加相位调制$π$脉冲，在保持绝热鲁棒性的同时实现通用单、双量子比特门。
Realization of fast fault-tolerant quantum gates on a single spin is the core requirement for solid-state quantum-information processing. As polarized light shows geometric interference, spin coherence is also geometrically controlled with light via the spin-orbit interaction. Here, we show that a geometric spin in a degenerate subspace of a spin-1 electronic system under a zero field in a nitrogen vacancy center in diamond allows implementation of optical non-adiabatic holonomic quantum gates. The geometric spin under quasi-resonant light exposure undergoes a cyclic evolution in the spin-orbi…
Dynamically Optimized Super-Robust Nonadiabatic Holonomic Quantum Gates Based on Superconducting Circuits
提出一种动态优化的超鲁棒非绝热和乐量子计算方案，通过设计动态校正脉冲将误差校正至四阶，结合超导电路无退相干子空间编码，实现了对控制误差和集体相位误差均具鲁棒性的高保真量子门。
Holonomic gates for quantum computation are commonly considered to be robust against certain kinds of parametric noise, the very motivation of this robustness being the geometric character of the transformation achieved in the adiabatic limit. On the other hand, the effects of decoherence are expected to become more and more relevant when the adiabatic limit is approached. Starting from the system described by Florio et al. [Phys. Rev. A 73, 022327 (2006)], here we discuss the behavior of non ideal holonomic gates at finite operational time, i.e., far before the adiabatic limit is reached. We …
Isoholonomic inequality and tight implementations of holonomic quantum gates
该研究针对和乐量子计算中的等和乐不等式，证明计算空间余维数足够大时任意量子门可通过平行输运哈密顿量达到紧实现，为高效最优实现策略奠定基础。
Nonadiabatic Holonomic Single-Qubit Gates in Non-Hermitian Systems
针对非厄米哈密顿量描述的三能级系统，提出一种在无跳变机制下实现非绝热全纯单量子比特门的方案，通过双正交框架和定制复脉冲抑制退相干，无需循环演化即可实现任意全纯门。
Our goal is to provide a new approach to the construction of geometry-induced entanglement between a pair of $Λ$ type atoms in a system consists of $N$ identical atoms by means of nonadiabatic quantum holonomies. By employing the quantum Zeno effect, we introduce a tripod type interaction Hamiltonian between two selected atoms trapped in an optical cavity, which allows arbitrary geometric entangling power. This would be a substantial step toward resolving the feasibility of realizing universal nonadiabatic holonomic entangling two-qubit gates.
The non-adiabatic holonomic quantum computation with the advantages of fast and robustness attracts widespread attention in recent years. Here, we propose the first scheme for realizing universal single-qubit gates based on an optomechanical system working with the non-adiabatic geometric phases. Our quantum gates are robust to the control errors and the parameter fluctuations, and have unique functions to achieve the quantum state transfer and entanglement generation between cavities. We discuss the corresponding experimental parameters and give some simulations. Our scheme may have the pract…
Non-Abelian geometric phases acquired in cyclic quantum evolution can be utilized as natural resources for constructing robust holonomic gates for quantum information processing. Recently, an extensible holonomic quantum computation (HQC) was proposed and demonstrated in a recent superconducting experiment [T. Yan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 080501 (2019)]. However, for the weakly anharmonic system, this HQC was given of low gate fidelity due to leakage to states outside of the computational subspace. Here, we propose a scheme that to construct nonadiabatic holonomic gates via dynamical inva…
The isoholonomic problem in a homogeneous bundle is formulated and solved exactly. The problem takes a form of a boundary value problem of a variational equation. The solution is applied to the optimal control problem in holonomic quantum computer. We provide a prescription to construct an optimal controller for an arbitrary unitary gate and apply it to a $ k $-dimensional unitary gate which operates on an $ N $-dimensional Hilbert space with $ N \geq 2k $. Our construction is applied to several important unitary gates such as the Hadamard gate, the CNOT gate, and the two-qubit discrete Fourie…
We propose a new scheme to realize holonomic quantum computation with rf-SQUID qubits in a microwave cavity. In this scheme associated with the non-Abelian holonomies, the single-qubit gates and a two-qubit control-Phase gate as well as a control-NOT gate can be easily constructed by tuning adiabatically the Rabi frequencies of classical microwave pulses coupled to the SQUIDs. The fidelity of these gates is estimated to be possibly higher than 90 % with the current technology.
Realization of universal nonadiabatic holonomic quantum gates in trapped ion system
本文基于离子阱系统的Jaynes-Cummings模型，利用激光与离子相互作用实现单/双量子比特逻辑操作，提出一种可调且对误差鲁棒的通用非绝热和乐量子门方案，为鲁棒量子计算提供了可行途径。
Topological features in quantum computing provide controllability and noise error avoidance in the performance of logical gates. While such resilience is favored in the manipulation of quantum systems, it is very hard to identify topological features in nature. This paper proposes a scheme where holonomic quantum gates have intrinsic topological features. An ion trap is employed where the vibrational modes of the ions are coherently manipulated with lasers in an adiabatic cyclic way producing geometrical holonomic gates. A crucial ingredient of the manipulation procedures is squeezing of the v…
Geometric phases are noise-resilient, and thus provide a robust way towards high fidelity quantum manipulation. Here we experimentally demonstrate arbitrary non-adiabatic holonomic single-qubit quantum gates for both a superconducting transmon qubit and a microwave cavity in a single-loop way. In both cases, an auxiliary state is utilized, and two resonant microwave drives are simultaneously applied with well-controlled but varying amplitudes and phases for the arbitrariness of the gate. The resulting gates on the transmon qubit achieve a fidelity of 0.996 characterized by randomized benchmark…
Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation has robust feature in suppressing control errors because of its holonomic feature. However, this kind of robust feature is challenged since the usual way of realizing nonadiabatic holonomic gates introduces errors due to systematic errors in the control parameters. To resolve this problem, we here propose a composite scheme to realize nonadiabatic holonomic gates. Our scheme can suppress systematic errors while preserving holonomic robustness. It is particularly useful when the evolution period is shorter than the coherence time. We further show that …
Geometric manipulation of a quantum system offers a method for fast, universal, and robust quantum information processing. Here, we propose a scheme for universal all-geometric quantum computation using non-adiabatic quantum holonomies. We propose three different realizations of the scheme based on an unconventional use of quantum dot and single-molecule magnet devices, which offer promising scalability and robust efficiency.
Multiobjective Optimization for Robust Holonomic Quantum Gates
针对量子门多种操作误差相互冲突的问题，提出结合帕累托最优与熵权法的多目标优化框架，在里德伯非绝热全息量子门上验证了其提升保真度与鲁棒性的优势，并适用于其他协议。
The main obstacles to the realization of high-fidelity quantum gates are the control errors arising from inaccurate manipulation of a quantum system and the decoherence caused by the interaction between the quantum system and its environment. Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation allows for high-speed implementation of whole-geometric quantum gates, making quantum computation robust against control errors. Dynamical decoupling provides an effective method to protect quantum gates against environment-induced decoherence, regardless of collective decoherence or independent decoherence. In t…
Experimental Realization of Nonadiabatic Holonomic Single-Qubit Quantum Gates with Two Dark Paths in a Trapped Ion
研究在囚禁的$^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}$离子中基于四能级系统实验实现了具有两条暗路径的非绝热和乐单量子比特量子门，兼具快速非绝热演化与抗系统误差优势，为快速鲁棒的和乐量子计算提供了有效方法。
Quantum computation based on geometric phase is generally believed to be more robust against certain errors or noises than the conventional dynamical strategy. However, the gate error caused by the decoherence effect is inevitable, and thus faster gate operations are highly desired. Here, we propose a nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation (NHQC) scheme with detuned interactions on $Δ$-type three-level system, which combines the time-optimal control technique with the time-independent detuning adjustment to further accelerate universal gate operations, {so that the gate-time can be greatly…
Quantum holonomic gates hold built-in resilience to local noises and provide a promising approach for implementing fault-tolerant quantum computation. We propose to realize high-fidelity holonomic $(N+1)$-qubit controlled gates using Rydberg atoms confined in optical arrays or superconducting circuits. We identify the scheme, deduce the effective multi-body Hamiltonian, and determine the working condition of the multiqubit gate. Uniquely, the multiqubit gate is immune to systematic errors, i.e., laser parameter fluctuations and motional dephasing, as the $N$ control atoms largely remain in the…
Parallel transport in rotating frames and projective holonomic quantum computation
该研究修正了旋转参考系下的平行输运条件，构建含投影门的非绝热全纯量子计算框架以解决传统方案的整体动力学相位问题，推广等全纯不等式并确定投影全纯量子门的最短可达执行时间。
Due to its geometric nature, holonomic quantum computation is fault-tolerant against certain types of control errors. Although proposed more than a decade ago, the experimental realization of holonomic quantum computation is still an open challenge. In this Letter, we report the first experimental demonstration of nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation in liquid NMR quantum information processors. Two non-commuting holonomic single-qubit gates, rotations about x-axis and about z-axis, and the two-qubit holonomic control-NOT gate are realized with high fidelity by evolving the work qubits a…
To realize one desired nonadiabatic holonomic gate, various equivalent evolution paths can be chosen. However, in the presence of errors, these paths become inequivalent. In this paper, we investigate the difference of these evolution paths in the presence of systematic Rabi frequency errors and aim to find paths with optimal robustness to realize one-qubit nonadiabatic holonomic gates. We focus on three types of evolution paths in the $Λ$ system: paths belonging to the original two-loop scheme [New J. Phys. {\bf 14}, 103035 (2012)], the single-loop multiple-pulse scheme [Phys. Rev. A {\bf 94}…
High-fidelity quantum gates are essential for large-scale quantum computation. However, any quantum manipulation will inevitably affected by noises, systematic errors and decoherence effects, which lead to infidelity of a target quantum task. Therefore, implementing high-fidelity, robust and fast quantum gates is highly desired. Here, we propose a fast and robust scheme to construct high-fidelity holonomic quantum gates for universal quantum computation based on resonant interaction of three-level quantum systems via shortcuts to adiabaticity. In our proposal, the target Hamiltonian to induce …
Holonomic swap and controlled-swap gates of neutral atoms via selective Rydberg pumping
提出基于选择性里德伯泵浦和含时软控制的中性原子完整交换门快速实现方案，并扩展至三量子比特受控交换门，以抑制失谐与退相干。
Holonomic quantum computation is a quantum computation strategy that promises some built-in noise-resilience features. Here, we propose a scheme for nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation with nitrogen-vacancy center electron spins, which are characterized by fast quantum gates and long qubit coherence times. By varying the detuning, amplitudes, and phase difference of lasers applied to a nitrogen-vacancy center, one can directly realize an arbitrary single-qubit holonomic gate on the spin. Meanwhile, with the help of cavity-assisted interactions, a nontrivial two-qubit holonomic quantum g…
Non-adiabatic holonomic quantum computation is a method used to implement high-speed quantum gates with non-Abelian geometric phases associated with paths in state space. Due to their noise tolerance, these phases can be used to construct error resilient quantum gates. We extend the holonomic dark path qubit scheme in [M.-Z. Ai {\t et al.}, Fundam. Res. {\bf 2}, 661 (2022)] to qudits. Specifically, we demonstrate one- and two-qudit universality by using the dark path technique. Explicit qutrit ($d=3$) gates are demonstrated and the scaling of the number of loops with the dimension $d$ is addre…
We develop a non-adiabatic generalization of holonomic quantum computation in which high-speed universal quantum gates can be realized by using non-Abelian geometric phases. We show how a set of non-adiabatic holonomic one- and two-qubit gates can be implemented by utilizing optical transitions in a generic three-level $Λ$ configuration. Our scheme opens up for universal holonomic quantum computation on qubits characterized by short coherence times.
In recent years qubit designs such as transmons approached the fidelities of up to 0.999. However, even these devices are still insufficient for realizing quantum error correction requiring better than 0.9999 fidelity. Topologically protected superconducting qubits are arguably most prospective for building a realistic quantum computer as they are intrinsically protected from noise and leakage errors that occur in transmons. We propose a topologically protected qubit design based on a $π$-periodic Josephson element and a universal set of gates: protected Clifford group and highly robust (with …
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