简单光学仪器的量子物理学
Quantum Physics of Simple Optical Instruments
摘要：
简单的光学仪器是线性光学网络，其中入射光模式通过线性变换变成相等数量的出射模式。例如，这种仪器是分束器、多端口、干涉仪、光纤耦合器、偏振器、引力透镜、参量放大器、相位共轭镜以及黑洞。本文发展了简单光学仪器的量子理论，并将该理论应用于一些特征情况，光子的分裂和干涉，以及参数下转换中Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen相关性的表现。如何建模不可逆的设备，如吸收器和放大器也显示。最后，本文发展了简单光学黑洞的霍金辐射理论。这篇论文的目的是作为一个入门，作为一个几乎自洽的教程。读者应该熟悉基本的量子力学和统计学，也许还熟悉光学和一些基本的场论。光的量子理论在量子力学中作为起点，在结论部分，作为理解量子黑洞的指南。
英文摘要：
Simple optical instruments are linear optical networks where the incident light modes are turned into equal numbers of outgoing modes by linear transformations. For example, such instruments are beam splitters, multiports, interferometers, fibre couplers, polarizers, gravitational lenses, parametric amplifiers, phase-conjugating mirrors and also black holes. The article develops the quantum theory of simple optical instruments and applies the theory to a few characteristic situations, to the splitting and interference of photons and to the manifestation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations in parametric downconversion. How to model irreversible devices such as absorbers and amplifiers is also shown. Finally, the article develops the theory of Hawking radiation for a simple optical black hole. The paper is intended as a primer, as a nearly self-consistent tutorial. The reader should be familiar with basic quantum mechanics and statistics, and perhaps with optics and some elementary field theory. The quantum theory of light in dielectrics serves as the starting point and, in the concluding section, as a guide to understand quantum black holes.
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