影响人类行为的量子噪声可以在临床试验中伪造药物的有效性
Quantum noise influencing human behaviour could fake effectiveness of drugs in clinical trials
摘要：
为了测试一种药物的有效性，可以建议随机选择的两组患者分别服用或不服用。众所周知，如果不是所有患者都依从，则无法确定因果效应。即使事后可以识别出不依从者，这也是成立的，因为潜在的因素，如病人的个性，可以影响他的决定和他的身体反应。然而，人们仍然可以根据依从率来确定药物的有效性。值得注意的是，在文献中给出的这些界限的证明依赖于通过隐藏的经典变量表示所有相关潜在因素（包括噪声）的模型。在强烈的类比违反贝尔的不平等，其中一些界限失败，如果病人的行为是由潜在的量子过程（例如，在他的神经系统）的影响。量子效应可以伪造出恢复率提高13%的假象，尽管如果每个人都服用这种药物，那么它会伤害尽可能多的病人。我们没有提出任何现实的模型来显示这种效果，我们只指出，决策的物理学可能与日常生活统计数据的因果解释有关。
英文摘要：
To test the effectiveness of a drug one can advice two randomly selected groups of patients to take or not to take it, respectively. It is well-known that the causal effect cannot be identified if not all patients comply. This holds even when the non-compliers can be identified afterwards since latent factors like patient's personality can influence both his decision and his physical response. However, one can still give bounds on the effectiveness of the drug depending on the rate of compliance. Remarkably, the proofs of these bounds given in the literature rely on models that represent all relevant latent factors (including noise) by hidden classical variables. In strong analogy to the violation of Bell's inequality, some of these bounds fail if patient's behavior is influenced by latent quantum processes (e.g. in his nervous system). Quantum effects could fake an increase of the recovery rate by about 13% although the drug would hurt as many patients as it would help if everyone took it. The other bounds are true even in the quantum case. We do not present any realistic model showing this effect, we only point out that the physics of decision making could be relevant for the causal interpretation of every-day life statistical data.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
