High energy muon colliders, such as the TeV-scale conceptual designs now being considered, are found to produce enough high energy neutrinos to constitute a potentially serious off-site radiation hazard in the neighbourhood of the accelerator site. A general characterization of this radiation hazard is given, followed by an order-of-magnitude calculation for the off-site annual radiation dose and a discussion of accelerator design and site selection strategies to minimize the radiation hazard.
Both Muon Colliders and Neutrino Factories require a muon source capable of producing and capturing O(10^21) muons/year. This paper reviews the similarities and differences between Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider accelerator complexes, the ongoing R&D needed for a Muon Collider that goes beyond Neutrino Factory R&D, and some thoughts about how a Neutrino Factory on the CERN site might eventually be upgraded to a Muon Collider.
Muon Colliders have unique technical and physics advantages and disadvantages when compared with both hadrons and electron machines. They should be regarded as complementary. Parameters are given of a 4 TeV high luminosity muon-muon collider, and of a 0.5 TeV demonstration machine. We discuss the various systems in such muon collider.
Parameters are given of 4 TeV and 0.5 TeV (c-of-m) high luminosity muon-muon Colliders. We discuss the various systems, starting from the proton accelerator needed to generate the muons and proceeding through muon cooling, acceleartion and storage in a collider ring. Detector background, polarization are analyzed. We also look at other type of colliders (hadron, lepton and photon-photon) for comparison. Technical problems in obtaining increased energy in each type of machine are presented. Their relative size and probable relative costs are discussed.
The deleterious effects of the background and radiation environment produced by the decaying muon beam are studied in the Muon Collider Interaction Region, detector and Machine-Detector Interface designs.
Over the last decade there has been significant progress in developing the concepts and technologies needed to produce, capture and accelerate O(1021) muons/year. This development prepares the way for a new type of neutrino source (Neutrino Factory) and a new type of very high energy lepton-antilepton collider (Muon Collider). This article reviews the motivation, design and R&D for Neutrino Factories and Muon Colliders.
We discuss the technical feasibility, key machine parameters and major challenges of a 14 TeV c.m.e. muon-muon collider in the LHC tunnel. The luminosity of the collider is evaluated for three alternative muon sources - the PS synchrotron, one of a type developed by the US Muon Accelerator Program (MAP) and a low-emittance option based on resonant muon pair production. Project affordability is also discussed.
Because muons connect directly to a standard-model Higgs particle in s-channel production, a muon collider would be an ideal device for precision measurement of the mass and width of a Higgs-like particle, and for further exploration of its production and decay properties. Parameters of a high-precision muon collider are presented and the necessary components and performance are described. An important advantage of the muon collider approach is that the spin precession of the muons will enable energy measurements at extremely high accuracy (dE/E to 10-6 or better). The collider could be a firs…
High brilliance muon beams are needed for future facilities such as a Neutrino Factory, an Higgs-factory or a multi-TeV Muon Collider. The R&D path involves many aspects, of which cooling of the incoming muon beams is essential.
New self-consistent parameter sets are presented and discussed for muon collider rings at center-of-mass energies of 10, 30 and 100 TeV. All three parameter sets attain luminosities of 3 x 10^35 /cm^2/s. The parameter sets benefit from new insights gained at the HEMC'99 workshop that considered the feasibility of many-TeV muon colliders.
A possible alternative way of producing muons (or other unstable particles) for colliders is proposed. It consists in colliding beams in a "chasing beam" configuration, i.e. collisions of two beams having the same direction but with different energies. This would produce muons with a good collimation, having already a high energy from the beginning, and then a longer life.
Some of the potential capabilities and design challenges of muon colliders are illustrated using self-consistent collider parameter sets at center of mass energies ranging from 0.1 TeV to 100 TeV.
A conceptual design is presented for a high power pion production target for muon colliders and neutrino factories that is based around a rotating metal band.
Parameter lists are presented for speculative muon colliders at center-of-mass energies of 10 TeV and 100 TeV. The technological advances required to achieve the given parameters are itemized and discussed, and a discussion is given of the design goals and constraints. An important constraint for multi-TeV muon colliders is the need to minimize neutrino radiation from the collider ring.
Muon Colliders would usher in a new era of scientific investigation in the field of high energy particle physics. The cooling of muon beams is proving to be the greatest obstacle in the realization of a Muon Collider. Monte Carlo simulations of a muon cooling scheme based on Frictional Cooling were performed. Critical issues, which require further study, relating to the technical feasibility of such a scheme are identified. Frictional Cooling, as outlined in this paper, provides sufficient six-dimensional emittance to make luminous collisions possible. It holds exciting potential in solving th…
This paper reviews the Initial Configuration Document for Fermilab's Project X and considers its possible upgrades for neutrino factory or muon collider.
Muon-based accelerators have the potential to enable facilities at both the Intensity and the Energy Frontiers. Muon storage rings can serve as high precision neutrino sources, and a muon collider is an ideal technology for a TeV or multi-TeV collider. Progress in muon accelerator designs has advanced steadily in recent years. In regard to 6D muon cooling, detailed and realistic designs now exist that provide more than 5 order-of-magnitude emittance reduction. Furthermore, detector performance studies indicate that with suitable pixelation and timing resolution, backgrounds in the collider det…
We discuss the design of the muon capture front end for a μ+-μ- Collider. In the front end, a proton bunch on a target creates secondary pions that drift into a capture transport channel, decaying into muons. A sequence of rf cavities forms the resulting muon beams into strings of bunches of differing energies, aligns the bunches to (nearly) equal central energies, and initiates ionization cooling. The muons are then cooled and accelerated to high energy into a storage ring for high-energy high luminosity collisions. Our initial design is based on the somewhat similar front end of the Internat…
A Muon Collider poses a number of challenging problems in the lattice design - low beta-star, small circumference, large physical and dynamic aperture - which must be solved in order to realize the unique opportunities it offers for the high-energy physics. This contribution presents basic solutions which make it possible to achieve the goals for both the energy frontier collider and the Higgs factory with Nb3Sn magnet parameters.
Design of a muon collider interaction region (IR) presents a number of challenges arising from low β* < 1 cm, correspondingly large beta-function values and beam sizes at IR magnets, as well as the necessity to protect superconducting magnets and collider detectors from muon decay products. As a consequence, the designs of the IR optics, magnets and machine-detector interface are strongly interlaced and iterative. A consistent solution for the 1.5 TeV c.o.m. muon collider IR is presented. It can provide an average luminosity of 1034 cm-2s-1 with an adequate protection of magnet and detector co…
Over the last decade there has been significant progress in developing the concepts and technologies needed to produce, capture, accelerate and collide high intensity beams of muons. At present, a high-luminosity multi-TeV muon collider presents a viable option for the next generation lepton-lepton collider, which is believed to be needed to fully explore high energy physics in the era following the LHC discoveries. This article briefly reviews the status of the accelerator R&D, addresses the question of the feasibility of a Muon Collider, what needs to be done to prove it and presents project…
Design of a muon collider interaction region (IR) presents a number of challenges arising from low β * < 1 cm, correspondingly large beta-function values and beam sizes at IR magnets, as well as the necessity to protect superconducting magnets and collider detectors from muon decay products. As a consequence, the designs of the IR optics, magnets and machine-detector interface are strongly interlaced and iterative. A consistent solution for the 1.5 TeV c.o.m. muon collider IR is presented. It can provide an average luminosity of 1034 cm-2s-1 with an adequate protection of magnet and detector c…
Muon colliders and neutrino factories are attractive options for future facilities aimed at achieving the highest lepton-antilepton collision energies and precision measurements of parameters of the Higgs boson and the neutrino mixing matrix. The performance and cost of these depend on how well a beam of muons can be cooled. Recent progress in muon cooling design studies and prototype tests nourishes the hope that such facilities can be built during the coming decade. The status of the key technologies and their various demonstration experiments is summarized.
A focal point for the HEMC'99 workshop was the evaluation of straw-man parameter sets for the acceleration and collider rings of muon colliders at center of mass energies of 10 TeV and 100 TeV. These self-consistent parameter sets are presented and discussed. The methods and assumptions used in their generation are described and motivations are given for the specific choices of parameter values. The assessment of the parameter sets during the workshop is then reviewed and the implications for the feasibility of many-TeV muon colliders are evaluated. Finally, a preview is given of plans for ite…
A complete scheme for production and cooling a muon beam for three specified muon colliders is presented. Parameters for these muon colliders are given. The scheme starts with the front end of a proposed neutrino factory that yields bunch trains of both muon signs. Emittance exchange cooling in slow helical lattices reduces the longitudinal emittance until it becomes possible to merge the trains into single bunches, one of each sign. Further cooling in all dimensions is applied to the single bunches in further slow helical lattices. Final transverse cooling to the required parameters is achiev…
It is well known that at linear e^+e^-(e^-e^-) colliders using laser backscattering one can obtain colliding gamma-gamma, gamma-electron beams with energy and luminosity comparable to those in e^+e^- collisions. In this paper, it is explained why this can not be done at high energy muon colliders. Due to several physics reasons the gamma-gamma luminosity is suppressed here by a factor of 10^{14} ! Another option -- gamma's from a linear collider and muons from a muon collider -- is also discussed (and has no sense either). Of course, one can study gamma^*-muon and gamma^*-gamma^* interactions …
It is shown that at muon colliders with the energy in the region of 100 TeV the process of coherent pair creation by the muon in the field of the opposing beam becomes important and imposes some limitations on collider parameters.
The status of the research on muon colliders is discussed and plans are outlined for future theoretical and experimental studies. Besides continued work on the parameters of a 3-4 and 0.5 TeV center-of-mass (CoM) energy collider, many studies are now concentrating on a machine near 0.1 TeV (CoM) that could be a factory for the s-channel production of Higgs particles. We discuss the research on the various components in such muon colliders, starting from the proton accelerator needed to generate pions from a heavy-Z target and proceeding through the phase rotation and decay ($π\to μν_μ$) channe…
Besides continued work on the parameters of a 3-4 and 0.5 TeV CoM collider, many studies are now concentrating on a machine near 100 GeV that could be a factory for the s-channel production of Higgs particles. We mention the research on the various components in such muon colliders, starting from the proton accelerator needed to generate pions from a heavy-Z target and proceeding through the phase rotation and decay channel, muon cooling, acceleration, storage in a ring and the collider detector. We also mention theoretical and experimental R&D plans for the next several years that should lead…
Construction of future Muon Collider (or dedicated mu-ring) tangential to the energy frontier pp colliders will give opportunity to realize mu-p collisions at multi-TeV center of mass energies at a luminosity of order of $10^{33}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ ($10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$). Obviously, such colliders will essentially enlarge the physics search potential of corresponding muon and hadron colliders for both the SM (especially for clarifying QCD basics) and BSM phenomena. This paper is devoted to review of main parameters of mu-p colliders proposed until now.
After summarizing the important commonalities between neutrino factories and muon colliders, the key differences are discussed. These include a much larger needed cooling factor (~10^6 in six-dimensional emittance), a smaller number of muon bunches (perhaps only one of each charge), and acceleration to much higher energy, implying significantly different technical choices for some of the cooling and acceleration subsystems. The final storage rings are also quite different. Nevertheless, a neutrino factory could serve as a key stepping stone on the path to a muon collider.
Muon collider is a considerable candidate of the next-generation high-energy lepton collider machine. Operating an RF cavity in a multi-Tesla magnet is a critical requirement in a muon accelerator and a cooling channel. However, the maximum RF gradient in a vacuum RF cavity is strongly limited by an external magnetic field. Dense hydrogen gas filled RF cavity has been proposed since it is functional of generating a high RF accelerating gradient in a strong magnetic field and making an ionization cooling process at the same time. A critical issue of the cavity is a beam- induced plasma that con…
Muon colliders and neutrino factories are attractive options for future facilities aimed at achieving the highest lepton-antilepton collision energies and precision measurements of Higgs boson and neutrino mixing matrix parameters. The facility performance and cost depend on how well a beam of muons can be cooled. Recent progress in muon cooling design studies and prototype tests nourishes the hope that such facilities could be built starting in the coming decade. The status of the key technologies and their various demonstration experiments is summarized. Prospects "post-P5" are also discusse…
Construction of future Muon Collider (or dedicated mu-ring) tangential to nucleus colliders will give opportunity to realize mu-A collisions at multi-TeV center of mass energies at a luminosity of order of 10^29-10^30 cm^-2s^-1. Obviously, such colliders will essentially enlighten fundamentals of strong interactions from quark to nucleus levels as well as clarify QCD basics. This paper is devoted to estimation of main parameters of the FCC, SppC, HL-LHC, HE-LHC and RHIC based muon-nucleus collider proposals by the software AloHEP.
Muon colliders and neutrino factories are attractive options for future facilities aimed at achieving the highest lepton-antilepton collision energies and precision measurements of parameters of the Higgs boson and the neutrino mixing matrix. The performance and cost of these depend on how well a beam of muons can be cooled. Recent progress in muon cooling design studies and prototype tests nourishes the hope that such facilities can be built starting in the coming decade. The status of the key technologies and their various demonstration experiments is summarized, with emphasis on recent resu…
Renewed international interest in muon colliders motivates the continued investigation of the impacts of beam-induced background on detector performance. This continues the effort initiated by the Muon Accelerator Program and carried out until 2017. The beam-induced background from muon decays directly impacts detector performance and must be mitigated by optimizing the overall machine design, with particular attention paid to the machine detector interface region. In order to produce beam-induced background events and to study their characteristics in coordination with the collider optimizati…
With the recent hints of the Higgs boson from the LHC and a mass near 125 GeV/c we re-propose to study and build a muon collider Higgs factory to study the Higgs in the S channel [1]. This was first proposed in 1992 by the first author. It is essential to study the Higgs boson for clues to new physics. The formation of the DOE MAP program, recent advances in 6D μ cooling methods, simulation, and targeting make this a feasible project to initiate at this time. This collider would fit into the FNAL site.
A lepton collider in the multi-TeV range has the potential to measure the trilinear Higgs self-coupling constant $λ_{hhh}$ via the W-fusion mode $\ell^+\ell^- \rightarrow ν_\ell \barν_\ell h h$. In this paper we do a generator-level study to explore how center-of-mass energy spread, cone size, tracking resolution, and collision energy range affect how precisely a muon collider can measure $λ_{hhh}$ in comparison to an $e^+e^-$ collider. The smaller spread in center-of-mass energy and higher energy range of a muon collider improve cross section while the larger cone required to reduce beam-indu…
A muon collider would be a powerful tool for exploring the energy-frontier with leptons, and would complement the studies now under way at the LHC. Such a device would offer several important benefits. Muons, like electrons, are point particles so the full center-of-mass energy is available for particle production. Moreover, on account of their higher mass, muons give rise to very little synchrotron radiation and produce very little beamstrahlung. The first feature permits the use of a circular collider that can make efficient use of the expensive rf system and whose footprint is compatible wi…
Particle colliders have arguably been the most important instruments for particle physics over the past 50 years. As they became more powerful, they were used to push the frontier of our knowledge into previously uncharted territory. The LHC, the highest energy collider to date, at which the Higgs boson was discovered, is a prime example. To continue along the road into the Terra Promissa beyond the Standard Model requires colliders with energy reach even greater than that of the LHC. Beams of muons offer enormous potential for the exploration of the energy frontier. Since the muon is a fundam…
Luminosities of muon-proton and muon-nucleus collisions at a recently proposed muon-ion collider (MuIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in the USA have been estimated using A Luminosity Optimizer for High Energy Physics (AloHEP) software keeping in mind beam-beam tune-shift values. It is shown that L$_{μp}$ = 3.6x10$^{31}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ and L$_{μ{\rm -Au}}$ = 2.84x10$^{27}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ values can be achieved at MuIC. The physics search potential of the collider is superior to HERA. However, LHeC will provide 2 orders of higher luminosities at approximately same center-of-mass…
We in the physics community expect the LHC to uncover new physics in the next few years. The character and energy scale of the new physics remain unclear, but it is likely that data from the LHC will need to be complemented by information from a lepton collider which can provide for precise examination of new phenomena. We describe the concept, accelerator design, and detector R&D for a high energy Muon Collider as well as the challenges associated with the machine and its detector environment.
Muon colliders have a great potential for high-energy physics. They can offer collisions of point-like particles at very high energies, since muons can be accelerated in a ring without limitation from synchrotron radiation. However, the need for high luminosity faces technical challenges which arise from the short muon lifetime at rest and the difficulty of producing large numbers of muons in bunches with small emittance. Addressing these challenges requires the development of innovative concepts and demanding technologies. The document summarizes the work done, the progress achieved and new r…
Input to the SCAC Facilities Subcommittee from the U.S. Muon Collider Collaboration
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory（费米国家加速器实验室）；University of Tennessee, Knoxville（田纳西大学诺克斯维尔分校）；Stony Brook University（石溪大学）；University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）；Tufts University（塔夫茨大学）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）
We sketch a staged plan for a series of muon-based facilities that can do compelling physics at each stage. Such a plan is unique in its ability to span both the Intensity and Energy Frontiers as defined by the P5 sub-panel of the US High Energy Physics Advisory Committee. This unique physics reach places a muon-based facility in an unequaled position to address critical questions about the nature of the Universe.
The potential of muon beams for high energy physics applications is described along with the challenges of producing high quality muon beams. Two proposed approaches for delivering high intensity muon beams, a proton driver source and a positron driver source, are described and compared. The proton driver concepts are based on the studies from the Muon Accelerator Program (MAP). The MAP effort focused on a path to deliver muon-based facilities, ranging from neutrino factories to muon colliders, that could span research needs at both the intensity and energy frontiers. The Low EMittance Muon Ac…
Physics goals of a Muon Collider (MC) can only be reached with appropriate design of the ring, interaction region (IR), high-field superconducting magnets, machine -detector interface (MDI) and detector. Results of the most recent realistic simulation studies are presented for a 1.5-TeV MC. It is shown that appropriately designed IR and MDI with sophisticated shielding in the detector have a potential to substantially suppress the background rates in the MC detector. The main characteristics of backgrounds are studied.
During the 1990s an international collaboration has been studying the possibility of constructing and operating a high-energy high-luminosity $μ^+μ^-$ collider. Such a machine could be the approach of choice to extend our discovery reach beyond that of the LHC. More recently, a growing collaboration is exploring the potential of a stored-muon-beam "neutrino factory" to elucidate neutrino oscillations. A neutrino factory could be an attractive stepping-stone to a muon collider. Its construction, possibly feasible within the coming decade, could have substantial impact on neutrino physics.
