观测宇宙超光速粒子的空气簇射
Observing Air Showers from Cosmic Superluminal Particles
摘要：
庞加莱相对性原理已经在低能下得到了非常精确的检验，但是它在高能现象上的外推还没有得到很好的证实。由于引力的重整化或物质的某种更深层次的结构，洛伦兹对称性可以在普朗克尺度下被破缺：我们预计这种破缺是一种非常高的能量和非常短的距离现象。如果教科书上的狭义相对论仅仅是描述某个临界距离尺度以上的物质扇区的方程的近似性质，那么就有可能找到一个绝对的局部坐标系（“真空静止坐标系”，VRF），并且可能存在与尚未在实验上发现的新自由度相关的物质超光速扇区。新的超光速粒子（“superbradyons”，即具有超光速临界速度的缓子）将具有正的质量和能量，并且除了临界速度的差异（c_i >> c，其中c_i是超光速扇区的临界速度）之外，运动学上表现得像“普通”粒子（在真空中的临界速度等于c的粒子）。它们可能是物质的最终组成部分在速度v > c时，它们预计会在真空中释放“切伦科夫”辐射（“普通”粒子）。超光速粒子可以提供大部分的宇宙（暗）物质，并产生非常高能量的宇宙射线。我们讨论：a）超光速物质与高能宇宙射线的成分、来源和光谱之间可能存在的关联; b）可用于探索此类效应的特征和实验。非常大的体积和前所未有的背景抑制能力是任何致力于寻找宇宙超缓子的探测器的关键要求。未来使用空气簇射探测器（特别是来自太空的）的宇宙射线实验自然满足这两个要求。
英文摘要：
The Poincaré relativity principle has been tested at low energy with great accuracy, but its extrapolation to very high-energy phenomena is much less well established. Lorentz symmetry can be broken at Planck scale due to the renormalization of gravity or to some deeper structure of matter: we expect such a breaking to be a very high energy and very short distance phenomenon. If textbook special relativity is only an approximate property of the equations describing a sector of matter above some critical distance scale, an absolute local frame (the "vacuum rest frame", VRF) can possibly be found and superluminal sectors of matter may exist related to new degrees of freedom not yet discovered experimentally. The new superluminal particles ("superbradyons", i.e. bradyons with superluminal critical speed) would have positive mass and energy, and behave kinematically like "ordinary" particles (those with critical speed in vacuum equal to c, the speed of light) apart from the difference in critical speed (c_i >> c where c_i is the critical speed of a superluminal sector). They may be the ultimate building blocks of matter At speed v > c, they are expected to release "Cherenkov" radiation ("ordinary" particles) in vacuum. Superluminal particles could provide most of the cosmic (dark) matter and produce very high-energy cosmic rays. We discuss: a) the possible relevance of superluminal matter to the composition, sources and spectra of high-energy cosmic rays; b) signatures and experiments allowing to possibly explore such effects. Very large volume and unprecedented background rejection ability are crucial requirements for any detector devoted to the search for cosmic superbradyons. Future cosmic-ray experiments using air-shower detectors (especially from space) naturally fulfil both requirements.
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