F. Ghio, B. Girolami, M. Capogni, L. Casano, L. Ciciani, A. D'Angelo, R. Di Salvo, L. Hu, D. Moricciani, L. Nicoletti, G. Nobili, C. Schaerf, P. Levi Sandri, M. Castoldi, A. Zucchiatti, V. Bellini
We describe the electromagnetic calorimeter built for the GRAAL apparatus at the ESRF. Its monitoring system is presented in detail. Results from tests and the performance obtained during the first GRAAL experiments are given. The energy calibration accuracy and stability reached is a small fraction of the intrinsic detector resolution.
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A BGO electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is built for the DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) mission. The effect of temperature on the BGO ECAL was investigated with a thermal vacuum experiment. The light output of a BGO crystal depends on temperature significantly. The temperature coefficient of each BGO crystal bar has been calibrated, and a correction method is also presented in this paper.
An onboard calibration circuit has been designed for the front-end electronics (FEE) of DAMPE BGO Calorimeter. It is mainly composed of a 12 bit DAC, an operation amplifier and an analog switch. Test results showed that a dynamic range of 0 ~ 30 pC with a precision of 5 fC was achieved, which meets the requirements of the front-end electronics. Furthermore, it is used to test the trigger function of the FEEs. The calibration circuit has been implemented and verified by all the environmental tests for both Qualification Model and Flight Model of DAMPE. The DAMPE satellite will be launched at th…
Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a Chinese scientific satellite designed for cosmic ray study with a primary scientific goal of indirect search of dark matter particles. As a crucial sub-detector, BGO calorimeter measures the energy spectrum of cosmic rays in the energy range from 5 GeV to 10 TeV. In order to implement high-density front-end electronics (FEE) with the ability to measure 1848 signals from 616 photomultiplier tubes on the strictly constrained satellite platform, two kinds of 32-channel front-end ASICs, VA160 and VATA160, are customized. However, a space mission period of…
This paper is about a study on the response of the BGO calorimeter of DAMPE experiment. Four elements in Cosmic Ray nuclei are used as sources for this analysis. A feature resulting from the geomagnetic cutoff exhibits in the energy spectrum, both in simulated and reconstructed data, and is compared between them.
The BGO calorimeter, which provides a wide measurement range of the primary cosmic ray spectrum, is a key sub-detector of Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE). The readout electronics of calorimeter consists of 16 pieces of Actel ProASIC Plus FLASH-based FPGA, of which the design-level flip-flops and embedded block RAMs are single event upset (SEU) sensitive in the harsh space environment. Therefore to comply with radiation hardness assurance (RHA), SEU mitigation methods, including partial triple modular redundancy (TMR), CRC checksum, and multi-domain reset are analyzed and tested by the he…
The DAMPE (DArk Matter Particle Explorer) is a scientific satellite being developed in China, aimed at cosmic ray study, gamma ray astronomy, and searching for the clue of dark matter particles, with a planned mission period of more than 3 years and an orbit altitude of about 500 km. The BGO Calorimeter, which consists of 308 BGO (Bismuth Germanate Oxid) crystal bars, 616 PMTs (photomultiplier tubes) and 1848 dynode signals, has approximately 32 radiation lengths. It is a crucial sub-detector of the DAMPE payload, with the functions of precisely measuring the energy of cosmic particles from 5 …
In this paper, we presented a study of temperature effects on BGO calorimeters using proton MIP's collected in the first year operation of DAMPE. By directly comparing MIP calibration constants used by DAMPE data production pipe line, we found an experimental relation between temperature and signal amplitudes of each BGO bar: a general deviation of -1.162%/$^{\circ}$C,and -0.47%/$^{\circ}$C to -1.60%/$^{\circ}$C statistically for each detector element. During 2016, DAMPE's temperature changed by about 7 degrees due to solar elevation angle and the corresponding energy scale bias is about 8%. B…
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space-borne high energy cosmic-ray and $γ$-ray detector which operates smoothly since the launch on December 17, 2015. The bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) calorimeter is one of the key sub-detectors of DAMPE used for energy measurement and electron proton identification. For events with total energy deposit higher than decades of TeV, the readouts of PMTs coupled on the BGO crystals would become saturated, which results in an underestimation of the energy measurement. Based on detailed simulations, we develop a correction method for the saturation e…
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) developed in China was designed to search for evidence of dark matter particles by observing primary cosmic rays and gamma rays in the energy range from 5 GeV to 10 TeV. Since its launch in December 2015, a large quantity of data has been recorded. With the data set acquired during more than a year of operation in space, a precise time-dependent calibration for the energy measured by the BGO ECAL has been developed. In this report, the instrumentation and development of the BGO Electromagnetic Calorimeter (BGO ECAL) are briefly described. The calibrati…
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space experiment designed to search for dark matter indirectly by measuring the spectra of photons, electrons, and positrons up to 10 TeV. The BGO electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is its main sub-detector for energy measurement. In this paper, the instrumentation and development of the BGO ECAL is briefly described. The calibration on the ground, including the pedestal, minimum ionizing particle (MIP) peak, dynode ratio, and attenuation length with the cosmic rays and beam particles is discussed in detail. Also, the energy reconstruction results…
DAMPE is a space-based mission designed as a high energy particle detector measuring cosmic-rays and $γ-$rays which was successfully launched on Dec.17, 2015. The BGO electromagnetic calorimeter is one of the key sub-detectors of DAMPE for energy measurement of electromagnetic showers produced by $e^{\pm}/γ$. Due to energy loss in dead material and energy leakage outside the calorimeter, the deposited energy in BGO underestimates the primary energy of incident $e^{\pm}/γ$. In this paper, based on detailed MC simulations, a parameterized energy correction method using the lateral and longitudin…
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a satellite-borne detector for high-energy cosmic rays and $γ$-rays. To fully understand the detector performance and obtain reliable physical results, extensive simulations of the detector are necessary. The simulations are particularly important for the data analysis of cosmic ray nuclei, which relies closely on the hadronic and nuclear interactions of particles in the detector material. Widely adopted simulation softwares include the GEANT4 and FLUKA, both of which have been implemented for the DAMPE simulation tool. Here we describe the simulati…
The major scientific goals of DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) are to study cosmic-ray electrons (including positrons) and gamma rays from 5 GeV to 10 TeV and nuclei from Z = 1 to 26 up to 100 TeV. The deposited energy measured by the Bismuth Germanate Oxide (BGO) calorimeter of DAMPE is affected by fluorescence attenuation in BGO crystals that are 600 mm long. In this work, an in-orbit attenuation calibration method is reported, and energy correction of the sensitive detector unit of the BGO calorimeter is also presented.
In this study, we developed a new proton detector system called CATCH, which was designed for a scattering experiment involving a $Σ$ hyperon and a proton (J-PARC E40). CATCH is a cylindrical detector system covering an inner target that can be used to measure the trajectory and energy of a proton emitted from the target for the kinematic identification of a $Σ$p scattering event. It comprises a cylindrical fiber tracker (CFT), a bismuth germanate (BGO) calorimeter, and a plastic scintillator hodoscope (PiID), which are coaxially arranged from the inner to the outer sides. The CFT is a trackin…
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is an orbital experiment aiming at searching for dark matter indirectly by measuring the spectra of photons, electrons and positrons originating from deep space. The BGO electromagnetic calorimeter is one of the key sub-detectors of the DAMPE, which is designed for high energy measurement with a large dynamic range from 5 GeV to 10 TeV. In this paper, some methods for energy correction are discussed and tried, in order to reconstruct the primary energy of the incident electrons. Different methods are chosen for the appropriate energy ranges. The result…
The RD52 (DREAM) collaboration is performing R\&D on dual readout calorimetry techniques with the aim of improving hadronic energy resolution for future high energy physics experiments. The simultaneous detection of Cherenkov and scintillation light enables us to measure the electromagnetic fraction of hadron shower event-by-event. As a result, we could eliminate the main fluctuation which prevented from achieving precision energy measurement for hadrons. We have tested the performance of the lead and copper fiber prototypes calorimeters with various energies of electromagnetic particles and h…
Cherenkov and scintillation light separation in BGO and BSO crystals coupled to SiPMs for dual-readout electromagnetic calorimetry at future colliders
通过结合光学滤波与波形模板拟合，分离BGO和BSO晶体中切连科夫光与荧光光，实验证实了在高能μ子和正电子束下切连科夫光可达150 ph.e./GeV，为未来Higgs工厂的双读出电磁量能器提供了技术基础。
The development of a high granular crystal calorimeter prototype of VLAST
VLAST高粒度晶体calorimeter原型通过双APDs读出方案和BGO晶体实现高动态范围和高分辨能力，用于高能伽马射线探测。
The PADME apparatus was built at the Frascati National Laboratory of INFN to search for a dark photon ($A'$) produced via the process $e^+ e^- \rightarrow A' γ$. The central component of the PADME detector is an electromagnetic calorimeter composed of 616 BGO crystals dedicated to the measurement of the energy and position of the final state photons. The high beam particle multiplicity over a short bunch duration requires reliable identification and measurement of overlapping signals. A regression machine-learning-based algorithm has been developed to disentangle with high efficiency close-in-…
BGO quenching effect on spectral measurements of cosmic-ray nuclei in DAMPE experiment
本文通过多种模型刻画DAMPE实验中BGO量能器的淬灭因子，并基于GEANT4和FLUKA模拟研究其对不同宇宙线核素能量测量的影响，发现该效应在低能段导致能量低估，修正后低能通量测量值提高。
High precision tests of the light speed constancy for all observers as of empirical basis of the Special Relativity have continuously been among the goals of advanced experimental studies. Based on the Compton Edge method proposed by us [1], a constraint on the one-way light speed isotropy and the Lorentz invariance violation has been obtained at the dedicated GRAAL experiment at European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble) [2-5]. Using the GRAAL's data we now get a new constraint on one of key tests of Special Relativity - the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment [6] - in probing the ligh…
The PADME experiment, hosted at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati in Italy, is dedicated to the dark photon search. It looks for the reaction $e^{+}\,e^{-}\rightarrow A'\,γ$, where $A'$ indicates the dark photon. The $550\,\text{MeV}$ positrons beam that impinges on electrons, coming from an active diamond target, allows to scan $A'$ masses up to $23.7\,\text{MeV}$. In this context, the segmented electromagnetic calorimeter plays a fundamental role, since it measures the final photon four-momentum. It consists of $616$ BGO crystals displaced in a cylindrical shape of $\approx29\,\text{cm}$ …
Measurements on Time Resolution of BGO, PWO and BSO Crystals
针对未来CEPC的HGCCAL需求，研究BGO、PWO、BSO三种晶体与SiPM组成探测单元的时间分辨率，通过束流测试评估多种定时方法，得出晶体性能、尺寸及预簇射层对时间分辨率的影响规律。
SiPM non-linearity studies in beam tests with scintillating crystals
本研究探讨了高像素密度SiPMs在与BGO和BSO晶体耦合时的非线性响应，通过束流测试量化了其在宽动态范围内的性能，发现不同设备和配置下存在显著的非线性偏差。
A microwave SQUID multiplexing concept for macro-cryogenic calorimeter arrays
本研究提出将微波SQUID多路复用（μMUX）技术应用于大规模低温量热计阵列，推导了其噪声模型，显示该技术可在多路复用因子达1000时劣化分辨率不足2%，适用于CEνNS和暗物质搜寻的多塔阵列单元设计。
The tagging system of the KEDR detector is a symmetrical focusing magnetic spectrometer for electrons and positrons scattered at small angles; it is embedded into the lattice of the VEPP-4M collider and intended for two-photon processes study. It measures scattered electron energy with resolution $ΔE/E_0=0.03\%...0.6\%$ ($E_0$ is the beam energy). For precise energy scale calibration two methods are used: tagging of bremsstrahlung electron/positron by the photon energy measured by BGO calorimeter, and direct calibration using Compton backscattering spectrum edge. This report covers design and …
Characterization of thin optical filters for high purity Cherenkov light readout from scintillating crystals
本文研究了用于高纯切连科夫光读出的薄型光学滤波器，通过测试不同晶体的发光效率和衰减时间，以及滤波器的透射和发射光谱，确定了适合抑制闪烁光的长波吸收滤波器。
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