量子轮廓和悖论
Quantum profiles and paradoxes
摘要：
本文结合1992年1.6 - 3.6在赫尔辛基举行的一次Minisymonsimplex会议上提出的问题，讨论了有关量子力学基础（纠缠、波坍缩、不可逆性）的问题。测量问题与不可逆性现象有关，已知不可逆性现象不符合任何基本理论;例如，严格意义上的薛定谔方程并不遵循指数衰减定律。导致不可逆性的近似与某种形式的“遗忘”或粗粒化有关。一些方法的问题，为什么这些近似值是合理的，进行审查。本文还讨论了动力学约化方案，并建议，薛定谔方程的相应非线性修改-导致非能量守恒-实际上是开放系统的"有效"薛定谔方程（类似于QFT中的"有效"拉格朗日）。因此，这些修改应该来自相互作用的基本理论。本文最后对量子力学背景下的身心问题作了一些简要的评论。已添加后记（2006年）。
英文摘要：
This paper discusses questions concerning the foundations of quantum mechanics (entanglement, wave collapse, irreversibility) with reference to the issues raised during a Minisymposium held in Helsinki, 1.6-3.6 in 1992, where A Shimony, A Peres and B d'Espagnat were invited to lecture. The measurement problem is related to the phenomenon of irreversibility which is known not to follow from any fundamental theory; e.g., the law of exponential decay does not follow from the Schrödinger equation in senso stricto. The approximations that lead to irreversibility are related to some form of ''forgetting'', or coarse graining. Some approaches to the question, why these approximations can be justified, are reviewed. The paper also discusses dynamical reduction schemes and it is suggested, that the corresponding non-linear modifications of the Schrödinger equation -- which lead to non-conservation of energy -- are actually ''effective'' Schrödinger equations for open systems (in analogy with the ''effective'' Lagrangians in QFT). Thus these modifications should be derived from a fundamental theory of interactions. The paper ends with some brief comments on the mind-body question in the quantum mechanical context. A postscript has been added (2006).
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