由红色沼泽螯虾的活跃嗅觉系统产生的气流
The flow generated by an active olfactory system of the red swamp crayfish
摘要：
小龙虾是夜行动物，主要依靠化学感受器来定位食物。在小龙虾规模的化学刺激接收到一个遥远的来源分散的环境流，而不是分子扩散。当水流很弱或不存在时，动物本身产生的水流可以促进食物搜索。小龙虾利用它们的前扇器官来产生各种各样的流动模式。在这里，我们研究的流量所产生的克氏原螯虾在响应气味刺激。我们发现小龙虾在寻找食物时会产生一两个向外的喷射流。这些喷射流产生一种流入，将气味吸引到小龙虾的前化学感受器。我们量化的速度场在流入区域使用粒子图像测速。结果表明，流入速度与距离动物的反比成比例地降低，使得气味羽流从10 cm的距离到达动物的化学感受器需要大约一分钟。我们比较流入产生的活小龙虾与模仿装置，幻影。体模由两个喷嘴和一个入口组成，提供两个射流和一个水槽，因此总质量通量为零。使用体模使我们能够分析各种射流参数下的流入。我们发现，射流的方向和相对强度的变化允许改变气味吸引的方向。这些结果为仿生机器人的设计提供了理论依据。我们讨论这样的机器人的灵敏度和效率。
英文摘要：
Crayfish are nocturnal animals that mainly rely on their chemoreceptors to locate food. On a crayfish scale chemical stimuli received from a distant source are dispersed by an ambient flow rather than molecular diffusion. When the flow is weak or absent, food search can be facilitated by currents generated by the animal itself. Crayfish employ their anterior fan organs to produce a variety of flow patterns. Here we study the flow generated by Procambarus clarkii in response to odour stimulation. We found that while searching for food the crayfish generates one or two outward jets. These jets create an inflow which draws odour to the crayfish's anterior chemoreceptors. We quantified velocity fields in the inflow region using Particle Image Velocimetry. The results show that the inflow velocity decreases proportionally to the inverse distance from the animal so that it takes about a minute for an odour plume to reach the animal's chemoreceptors from a distance of 10 cm. We compare the inflow generated by live crayfish with that produced by a mimicking device, a phantom. The phantom consisted of two nozzles and an inlet providing two jets and a sink so that the overall mass flux was zero. The use of a phantom enabled us to analyze the inflow at various jet parameters. We showed that variation of the jets' directions and relative intensities allows changing the direction of odour attraction. These results provide a rationale for biomimetic robot design. We discuss sensitivity and efficiency of such a robot.
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