高能对撞机中相对论正电荷束团引发的场致发射
On Field Emission in High Energy Colliders Initiated by a Relativistic Positively Charged Bunch of Particles
摘要：
大型强子对撞机和未来对撞机的设计目标是用高强度光束进行操作，其聚束群$N_p$为$10^{11}$的数量级。这是由研究具有最大数据样本的非常罕见的过程的愿望决定的。高能对撞机是一种长度长达数公里的工程结构，其横向紧凑性是通过超导技术的应用和成本的限制来实现的。然而，结构元件的紧凑性隐藏了加速器稳定工作的潜在危险。这是因为高强度的带正电荷的粒子（质子、正电子、离子）束在其自身周围产生非常高强度的自电场，$10^5 - 10^6$ V/cm。位于导电表面附近，距离它们1-20 mm，这种聚束的场激活来自表面的电子的场发射。除了来自残余气体电离的电子、次级电子和由同步辐射敲除的电子之外，这些电子有助于在传输线中形成致密的电子云。聚束的粒子被$N_e\sim N_p$散射在稠密的电子云上，离开束流并可能造成明显的损害。本文分析了LHC准直器系统场致发射可能成为严重问题的条件。对国际直线对撞机（ILC）项目USLC原型的类似分析表明，在加速过程中，一个明显的场发射将伴随着正电子束团的整个路径。
英文摘要：
The design of the LHC and future colliders aims their operation with high intensity beams, with bunch population, $N_p$, of the order of $10^{11}$. This is dictated by a desire to study very rare processes with maximum data sample. HEP colliders are engineering structures of many kilometers in length, whose transverse compactness is achieved by the application of the superconducting technologies and limitations of cost. However the compactness of the structural elements conceals and potential danger for the stable work of the accelerator. This is because a high intensity beam of positively charged particles (protons, positrons, ions) creates around itself an electric self-field of very high intensity, $10^5 - 10^6$ V/cm. Being located near the conducting surfaces, at the distances of 1-20 mm away from them, the field of such bunches activates the field emission of electrons from the surface. These electrons, in addition to electrons from the ionization of residual gases, secondary electrons and electrons knocked out by synchrotron radiation, contribute to the development of a dense electron cloud in the transport line. The particles of the bunch, being scattered on the dense electron cloud with $N_e\sim N_p$, leaves the beam and may cause noticeable damage. The paper presents an analysis of the conditions, under which the field emission in the LHC collimator system may become a serious problem. The analogous analysis of a prototype of the International Linear Collider (ILC) project, USLC, reveals that a noticeable field emission will accompany positron bunches on their entire path during acceleration.
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