Bernhard Rothenstein
We show that a derivation of the Lorentz-Einstein transformation based on length contraction or on time dilation is faster then "World's fastest derivation of the Lorentz transformation"
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In the line of thought of Einstein's 1905 paper on relativity, I get a physical derivation of Lorentz transformation (LT) answering its main criticism and considerably enlarging the area of applications of the theory of relativity.
Starting with a thought experiment proposed by Kard, which derives the formula that accounts for the relativistic effect of length contraction, we present a "two line" transparent derivation of the Lorentz-Einstein transformations for the space-time coordinates of the same event. Our derivation make uses of Einstein's clock synchronization procedure
We show that the transformation equations for the parameters that characterize a plane acoustic wave: period, (frequency), wave vector, wave length and phase velocity can be derived without using phase invariance and Lorentz-Einstein transformation
The Lorentz transformation is entirely derived from length contraction, itself established through the known light-clock thought experiment . This makes the derivation accessible to beginning students once Eintein's two postulates have been admitted. The formula derived for the space part of the general rotation-free Lorentz transformation is very compact and allows for an easy derivation of the velocity and acceleration transformations. A possibly new and very simple relation is found between proper acceleration and acceleration in an inertial frame.
Starting from the well-known light-clock thought experiment to derive time dilation and length contraction, it is shown that finding the Lorentz Transformation requires nothing more than the most trivial vector addition formula. The form which is obtaine for the L.T. allows an easy derivation of the velocity and acceleration transformations which are also given.
The Lorentz Transformations are derived without any linearity assumptions and without assuming that y and z coordinates transform in a Galilean manner. Status of the invariance of the speed of light is reduced from a foundation of the Special Theory of Relativity to just a property which allows to determine a value of the physical constant. While high level of rigour is maintained, this paper should be accessible to a second year university physics student.
The moving light clock system was analyzed with respect to the orientation of the wavefront of the light pulse observed in the moving and stationary frames of reference. The plane wavefront of the light pulse was oriented horizontally in both the frames. The wavefront observed in the stationary frame was not perpendicular to the direction of the light pulse propagation. This showed different characteristics of the light pulse than that assumed in the Lorentz factor derivation. According to the horizontal orientation of the wavefront, velocity c was determined as the vertical component of the l…
It is traditionally believed that the Lorentz transformations (LT) and Einstein's theorem of velocity addition (ETVA), underlying special relativity, cannot be obtained from non-relativistic (classical) mechanics. In the present paper it is shown, however, that both the LT and the ETVA are derivable within the framework of classical kinematics if the speeds of material points are bounded above by a certain universal limit $c_+$ which can coincide with the speed of light $c$ in a vacuum.
We show that the Lorentz transformations for the space-time coordinates of the same event are a direct consequence of the principle of relativity and of Einstein's distant clocks synchronization procedure. In our approach, imposing the linear character of the Lorentz transformations we guess that the transformation equation for the space coordinate has the form x=ax'+cbt'. Imposing the condition that it accounts for the time dilation relativistic effect and taking into account the fact that due to the clock synchronization a la Einstein the space-time coordinates of the same event in the two f…
A special case of the relativistic Doppler effect, which occurs when light reflects from a moving mirror, is discussed. The classic formula for the Doppler shift is derived in a fully non-relativistic fashion using basic facts from geometry. The derivation does not involve Lorentz transformations, length contractions and time dilations, and therefore is conceptually simpler than the standard derivations in physics textbooks. This discussion can be useful for teaching introductory physics and also for understanding the foundations of special relativity.
We present a simple derivation of the Lorentz transformations for the space-time coordinates of the same event. It is based on the relative character of length and time interval as measured by observes in relative motion. We begin by accepting that the relative motion modifies in some particular way the result of these measurements. However we do not postulate the character of this distortion i.e. whatever it is dilation or contraction. The formulas accounting for length contraction, time dilation and Doppler shift are a byproduct of this derivation.
The Lorentz Transformation is derived from only three simple postulates: (i) a weak kinematical form of the Special Relativity Principle that requires the equivalence of reciprocal space-time measurements by two different inertial observers; (ii) Uniqueness, that is the condition that the Lorentz Transformation should be a single valued function of its arguments; (iii) Spatial Isotropy. It is also shown that to derive the Lorentz Transformation for space-time points lying along a common axis, parallel to the relative velocity direction, of two inertial frames, postulates (i) and (ii) are suffi…
Owing to the non-differentiable nature of the theory of Scale Relativity, the emergence of complex wave functions, then of spinors and bi-spinors occurs naturally in its framework. The wave function is here a manifestation of the velocity field of geodesics of a continuous and non-differentiable (therefore fractal) space-time. In a first paper (Paper I), we have presented the general argument which leads to this result using an elaborate and more detailed derivation than previously displayed. We have therefore been able to show how the complex wave function emerges naturally from the doubling …
We show that starting with the fact that special relativity theory is concerned with a distortion of the observed length of a moving rod, without mentioning if it is a "contraction" or "dilation", we can derive the Lorentz transformations for the spacetime coordinates of the same event. This derivation is based on expressing the length of the moving rod as a sum of components with all the lengths involved in this summation being measured by the observers of the same inertial reference frame.
We suppose that vacuum is filled with a kind of continuously distributed matter which may be called the $Ω(1)$ substratum, or the electromagnetic aether. Suppose that the time scale of a macroscopic observer is very large compares to the the Maxwelllian relaxation time of the $Ω(1)$ substratum. Thus, the macroscopic observer concludes that the $Ω(1)$ substratum behaves like a Newtonian-fluid. Inspired by H. A. Lorentz, we speculate that electric charges may be extremely small hard spherical sources or spherical sinks with finite radii. Based on the spherical source and spherical sink model of …
The major extant relativity theories - Galileo's Relativity (GaR), Lorentz's Relativity (LR) and Einstein's Special Relativity (SR), with the latter much celebrated, while the LR is essentially ignored. Indeed it is often incorrectly claimed that SR and LR are experimentally indistinguishable. Here we show that (i) SR and LR are experimentally distinguishable, (ii) that comparison of gas-mode Michelson interferometer experiments with spacecraft earth-flyby Doppler shift data demonstrate that it is LR that is consistent with the data, while SR is in conflict with the data, (iii) SR is exactly d…
A new method of derivation of Lorentz Transformation (LT) is given based on both axioms of special relativity (SR) and physical intuitions. The essence of the transformation is established and the crucial role played by the presumptions is presented for clarification. I consider the most general form of transformations between two sets of events in two inertial reference frames and use the most basic properties expected from such a transformation together with the principle of the constancy of the velocity of light to derive LT. The method is very simple, succinct and useful for students tryin…
The kinematics of a particle with the upper bound on the particle's speed (a modification of classical kinematics where such a restriction is absent) has been developed in [arXiv:1204.5740]. It was based solely on classical mechanics without employing any concepts , associated with the time dilatation or/and length contraction. It yielded the 1-D Lorentz transformation (LT), free of inconsistencies (inherent in the canonical derivation and interpretations of the LT). Here we apply the same approach to derive the LT for the 3-dimensional motion of a particle and the attendant law of velocity co…
Sometimes it becomes a matter of natural choice for an observer (A) that he prefers a coordinate system of two-dimensional spatial x-y coordinates from which he observes another observer (B) who is moving at a uniform speed along a line of motion, which is not collinear with As chosen x or y axis. It becomes necessary in such cases to develop Lorentz transformations where the line of motion is not aligned with either the x or the y-axis. In this paper we develop these transformations and show that under such transformations, two orthogonal systems (in their respective frames) appear non-orthog…
It is generally assumed in the literature that a Lorentz transformation on a neutral current loop results in a moving current loop with a nonvanishing charge distribution and an electric dipole moment. We show in this paper that this is not, in fact, correct. The derivation that leads to the charge distribution was based on an incomplete Lorentz transformation, which transforms the charge-current four-vector $j^μ=[ρ({\bf r},t),{\bf j(r},t)]$, but not the space-time four-vector $x^μ=(t,{\bf r})$. We show that completing the Lorentz transformation by using the variable $t'$ in the moving frame, …
A calculus based on pointer-mark coincidences is proposed to define, in a mathematically rigorous way, measurements of space and time intervals. The connection between such measurements in different inertial frames according to the Galilean or Lorentz transformations is then studied using new, simple, and practical clock synchronisation procedures. It is found that measured length intervals are Lorentz invariant, whereas moving clocks show a universal time dilatation effect. The `relativistic length contraction' and `relativity of simultaneity' effects of conventional special relativity theory…
Derivation of generalized Einstein's equations of gravitation in some non-inertial reference frames based on the theory of vacuum mechanics
本文基于真空力学理论，借鉴Fock调和参考系思路推导特殊非惯性系中的广义爱因斯坦方程，并说明其在弱场准惯性条件下退化为原方程。
The so-called principle of relativity is able to fix a general coordinate transformation which differs from the standard Lorentzian form only by an unknown speed which cannot in principle be identified with the light speed. Based on a reanalysis of the Michelson-Morley experiment using this extended transformation we show that such unknown speed is analytically determined regardless of the Maxwell equations and conceptual issues related to synchronization procedures, time and causality definitions. Such a result demonstrates in a pedagogical manner that the constancy of the speed of light does…
We here deduce Lorentz transformation (LT) as a member of a class of time-dependent coordinate transformations, complementary to those already known as spatial translations and rotations. This exercise validates the principle of physical determination of equations within special relativity theory (SRT), in accordance with the derivation of the LT in Einstein's original paper on relativity. This validation is possible because our LT deduction also discloses the real physics warranting Einstein's manipulations of several equations in that paper, thus proving the correctness of his derivation of …
Maxwell's equations hold in inertial reference frames in uniform translational motion relative to one another. In conjunction with the Lorentz coordinate transformation equations, the transformation equations for the electric and magnetic field components in these reference frames can be derived. As the derivation of the Lorentz coordinate transformation equations depends on the relativity of simultaneity, and indeed on the argument on the relativity of simultaneity, electromagnetic phenomena indicate that human cognition is involved in the structure and functioning of the physical world.
Starting from the classical Newton's second law which, according to our assumption, is valid in any instantaneous inertial rest frame of body that moves in Minkowskian space-time we get the relativistic equation of motion $\vec{F}=d\vec{p}/dt$, where $\vec{p}$ is the relativistic momentum. The relativistic momentum is then derived without referring to any additional assumptions concerning elastic collisions of bodies. Lorentz-invariance of the relativistic law is proved without tensor formalism. Some new method of force transformation is also presented.
This paper characterizes the symmetric rank-2 stress-energy-momentum tensor associated with fields whose Lagrangian densities are expressed as the dot product of two multivector fields, e. g., scalar or gauge fields, in flat space-time. The tensor is derived by a direct application of exterior-algebraic methods to deal with the invariance of the action to infinitesimal space-time translations; this direct derivation avoids the use of the canonical tensor. Formulas for the tensor components and for the tensor itself are derived for generic values of the multivector grade $s$ and of the number o…
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