爱因斯坦的“Zur Elektrodynamik. 1905年：《重访》（Revisited，with Some Consequences）
Einstein's "Zur Elektrodynamik..." (1905) Revisited, with Some Consequences
摘要：
爱因斯坦在他的“Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper”中，通过引入“位于不同位置的同步静止时钟”的概念，在描述“运动”时，为遥远事件的“时间”赋予了物理（操作）意义。但是，关于描述运动时的“位置”，他未经分析就假定了坐标系的概念。在本文中，我们提出了一种方法，使物理（操作）的意义的概念，“地点”和“坐标系”，并显示如何观察者可以定义一个远程事件的地点和时间。继爱因斯坦之后，我们考虑另一个系统“相对于前者作匀速平移运动”。在不假设“我们归因于空间和时间的同质性”的情况下，我们证明了这两个系统中的空间和时间的定义是线性相关的。我们推导出一些新的后果，我们的方法关于超光速的观察者和粒子，“单向”和“双向”的光速，对称性，“群属性”的惯性参考系，长度收缩和时间延缓，和“孪生悖论”。最后指出了爱因斯坦在“电动力学部分”中的一个错误，并证明了洛伦兹力公式与爱因斯坦的场量变换公式是一致的。我们表明，对于超光速物体，一个简单的修改普朗克质量公式就足够了。（除了引用普朗克公式外，我们仅限于1905年的物理学。
英文摘要：
Einstein, in his "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper", gave a physical (operational) meaning to "time" of a remote event in describing "motion" by introducing the concept of "synchronous stationary clocks located at different places". But with regard to "place" in describing motion, he assumed without analysis the concept of a system of co-ordinates. In the present paper, we propose a way of giving physical (operational) meaning to the concepts of "place" and "co-ordinate system", and show how the observer can define both the place and time of a remote event. Following Einstein, we consider another system "in uniform motion of translation relatively to the former". Without assuming "the properties of homogeneity which we attribute to space and time", we show that the definitions of space and time in the two systems are linearly related. We deduce some novel consequences of our approach regarding faster-than-light observers and particles, "one-way" and "two-way" velocities of light, symmetry, the "group property" of inertial reference frames, length contraction and time dilatation, and the "twin paradox". Finally, we point out a flaw in Einstein's argument in the "Electrodynamical Part" of his paper and show that the Lorentz force formula and Einstein's formula for transformation of field quantities are mutually consistent. We show that for faster-than-light bodies, a simple modification of Planck's formula for mass suffices. (Except for the reference to Planck's formula, we restrict ourselves to Physics of 1905.)
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